Painful Knee

Painful Knee

1. anatomy of the leg

   • bones
     • Patella
       • is the largest sesamoid bone. It is triangular, and its apex lies inferiorly; the apex is connected to the tuberosity of the tibia by the ligamentum patellae. The posterior surface articulates with the condyles of the femur.
     • Tibia
       • The tibia is the large weight-bearing medial bone of the leg .It articulates with the condyles of the femur and the head of the fibula above and with the talus and the distal end of the fibula below. It has an expanded upper end, a smaller lower end, and a shaft.
     • Fibula
       • The fibula is the slender lateral bone of the leg. It takes no part in the articulation at the knee joint, but below it forms the lateral malleolus of the ankle joint. It takes no part in the transmission of body weight, but it provides attachment for muscles. The fibula has an expanded upper end, a shaft, and a lower end.
   • Ligaments of the knee joint
     • Extracapsular ligaments
       • Lig. Patellae
       • Medial collateral ligament
       • Lateral collateral ligament
       • Arcuate popliteal ligament
       • Oblique popliteal ligament
     • Intracapsular ligaments
       • Anterior cruciate ligament
       • Posterior cruciate ligament
       • Medial meniscus
       • Lateral meniscus
       • Transverse ligament
       • Coronary ligaments
       • Menscofemeral ligaments
   • muscles
     • anterior compartment
       • tibialis anterior
       • extensor hallucis longus
       • extensor digitorum longus
       • peroneus tertius
       • innervation:anterior tibial nerve
       • blood supply: anerior tibial artery
     • lateral compartment
       • peroneus longus
       • peroneus brevis
       • innervation: musculocutaneus nerve
       • blood supply: peroneal artery
     • posterior compartment
       • Superficial group of Muscles:
         • Gastrocnemius
         • Soleus
         • Plantaris
       • innervation: Tibial nerve
       • blood supply: Posterior tibial artery
       • deep group
         • Popliteus
         • Flexor digitorum longus
         • Flexor hellucis longus
         • Tibialis posterior

2. Osteoarthritis

   • the single most common form of joint disease and the major form of noninflammatory arthritis.
   • treatment of OS. is pharmacological and non-pharmacological(surgery,physiotherapy)

3. examination of knee joint

   • including inspection,palpation,rang of movement and special tests