Mindmap

Cells

A Cuffe 2016 Englisch

Inhalt der Mindmap

Cells

Building Blocks
- Carbs
  - Sugars
- Lipids
  - Fatty Acids
    - Saturated
    - Unsaturated
  - Phospholipids
    - Membranes
- Amino acids
  - Proteins
    - Enzymes
- Monomers
  - Polymerisation
    - Polymers
- Nucleic Acids
  - DNA
  - RNA
Structure
- Eukaryotes
  - - Mitochondria
      - Site of respiration
    - Endoplasmic Reticulum
      -  Many proteins are synthesised on ribosomes in the ER Rough = Ribosomes Smooth = No ribosomes
    - Ribosomes
    - Lysosomes
      - Digestive compartment
    - Golgi Apparatus
      - Cell's 'postal service', where packaging and distributing of stuff e.g. proteins
    - Microtubules
    - Plants Only
      - Chloroplasts
        Where photosynthesis occurs
      - Cell Wall
        Cell stability
      - Central Vacuole
        Storage and detoxification
    - Peroxisomes
      - Cell's detoxification centres
- Prokayotes
  - - Capsule
    - Cell Wall
    - Plasma Membrane
    - Nucleoid
      - Where main DNA sits
    - Ribosome
    - Plasmid
      - Small 'bits' of DNA
    - Fimbriae
      - Aka Cili. Allows cell to attach to surfaces.
    - Flangellum
      - Allows cell to move
Replication
- DNA
  - - Topoisomerase
      - Topoisomerase 'fixes' increased coiling caused by Helicase. Topoisomerase - too tight I fix
    - DNA primase
      - DNA primase synthesizes RNA primer Primase - Primer
    - Helicase
      - Helicase seperates DNA strands. Helicase-Helicopter-ChopChop
    - DNA-ligase
      - Joins the Okazaki DNA fragments Ligase - Likes fixing gaps
    - DNA-Polymerase
      - Pol 1
        Replaces RNA primer with DNA
      - Pol 3
         RNA primer extended by DNA Polymerase III   
    - Lagging Strand
    - Leading Strand
- - G2
    - Second growth phase. Checkpoint 2 - Checks DNA synthesis went okay. Check cell is ready for mitosis.
  - G1
    - Cell growth. Checkpoint 1 - Checks division went okay and all organelles are functional. Check cell is ready for synthesis phase.
  - S
    - DNA synthesis phase. DNA is replicated and forms chromatin.
  - G0
    - Normal cell metabolism. No replication.
  - Mitosis
    - Main cell division made up of 6 different phases. Checkpoint M - Checks kinetochores are attached to spindle before anaphase.
    - Prophase
      - Prophase (Pairs) DNA condenses into Chromosomes. Centrosome divides and forms Mitotic spindle.
    - Prometaphase
      - Kinetochores on chromosomes bind to microtubules
    - Metaphase
      - Metaphase (middle) Mitotic Spindle alines chromosomes in middle of cell
    - Anaphase
      - Anaphase (Apart) Mitotic Spindle pulls sister chromatids apart and into opposite ends of the cell.
    - Telophase
      - Nuclear envelopes form around chromatids sets Cleavage furrow forms
  - Cytokinesis
    - Cell splits into two daughter cells
- Regulation
  - - Cancer
      - Loss of cell cycle control = cancer Cancer cells do not respond naturally to the body's control mechanisms.
      - Oncogenes
        Genes that actively promote cell division. If not turned off at right times, can lead to cancer.
      - Tumor Suppressor Genes
        Inhibit cell division Stop working can lead to cancer
        p53
        >50% human cancer patients have mutated p53 gene p53 prevents cells with damaged DNA from replicating
    - - Cyclin
        - Regulatory unit - Production begins during S phase - Accumulates during S and G2 phases. - Binds with CDK during G2 phase. - Once bound and activated, forms MPF. - Broken down after M phase
      - Cyclin-Dependant- Kinase (CDK)
        - Catalytic subunit - Constant concentration - Binds with Cyclin in sufficient Cyclin concentrations. - Once bound, helps cell move past G2 checkpoint.
      - MPF
        - Maturation (or Mitosis) promoting factor - Forms from binding of cyclin + CDK - Activates mitosis proteins - Triggers mitosis by phosphorylating proteins:  > promotes envelope breakdown during prophase.  > May help chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle to form in prophase.  > Cyclin component breaks down in anaphase.- Broken down into cyclin & CDK after mitosis
Cellular Energy
- Gibbs Free Energy
  - Negative DeltaG
  - Positive DeltaG
- Metabolism
  - Cellular Respiration
    - Cytosol
      - Stage 1: Glycolysis
        Uses Glucose
        Produces
        2 ATP
        2 NADH
    - Mitochondrial Matrix
      - Stage 2a: Pyruvate Oxidisation
        Uses
        2 Pyruvate
        Produces
        CO2
        NADH
      - Stage 2b: Citric Acid Cycle
        Uses
        Acetyl-CoA
        Produces
        2 CO2
        FADH2
        3 NADH
        ATP
    - Mitochondrial Membranes
      - Stage 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation
        Electron Transport Chain
        Proton Gradient
        Chemiosmosis
        Produces
        ATP
        Uses
        NADH
        FADH2
  - Photosynthesis
    - 'Light' Reaction
      - Produces
        ATP
        NAD(P)H
    - 'Dark' Reactions
      - Uses
        ATP
        NAD(P)H
        CO2
      - Produces
        Sugars
- ATP
  - Energy
    - ADP
    - Phosphate