Water on the Land

Water on the Land

1. How do river valleys change downstream?

   • Processes of erosion
     • Hydraulic Action
     • Abrasion
     • Attrition
     • Solution
   • Processes of Transportation
     • Traction
     • Saltation
     • Suspension
     • Solution
   • Deposition
   • Profiles
     • Long profile
       • Changes downstream
     • Cross profile
       • Changes across the channel

2. Distinctive landforms

   • Resulting from erosion
     • Waterfalls and gorges
       • River Tees
         • Upper Course
         • Middle Course
         • Lower Course
   • Resulting from erosion and deposition
     • Meanders and ox-bow lakes
   • Resulting from deposition
     • Levees and floodplains

3. Fluctuating water levels in rivers

   • Movement of water in drainage basins
     • Channel flow
     • Groundwater flow
     • Throughflow
     • Percolation
     • Groundwater
     • Soil moisture
     • Infiltration
     • Surface storage
     • Surface runoff
     • Interception
     • Transpiration
     • Evaporation
     • Precipitation
   • Factors affecting river discharge
     • Amount and type of rainfall
     • Temperature
     • Previous weather conditions
     • Rock type
     • Land use
   • Storm Hydrographs

4. Why do rivers flood?

   • Causes
     • Prolonged rainfall
     • Heavy rain
     • Snowmelt
     • Steep relief
     • Soil erosion
   • Frequency
     • Increasing frequency in UK
       • East Coast 1953
       • Northampton 1998
       • River Severn 2007
       • South West England 2014

5. Why do responses to flooding vary?

   • Rich World Cockermouth Cumbria November 2009
     • Causes, effects, responses
   • Poor World Bangladesh 2004
     • Causes, effects, responses

6. Hard and soft engineering responses to flooding

   • Hard engineering
     • Dams
       • 3 Gorges Dam, China
     • Reservoirs
     • Straightening meanders
   • Soft engineering
     • Flood warning system
       • Northampton St. James
     • Floodplain zoning

7. How are rivers in the UK managed to provide water supply?

   • Water consumption
     • Greater in south-east
   • Rainfall
     • Less in south-east
   • Water stress
   • Water Transfer
     • Kielder water

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