IMMUNITY

IMMUNITY

1. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

   • NATURALLY ACQUIRED
     • ACTIVE
       • Enters body naturally
     • PASSIVE
       • Based from mother to baby via palenta or milk
   • ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED
     • ACTIVE
       • Introduced by vaccines
         • Lymphocytes become immunised
     • PASSIVE
       • Pre-formed antibodies
         • MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
           • ETHICAL: human safety, animal testing, genetic engineering
           • Herceptin
             • Helps target T-cells to destroy
               • HER2 gene -cancer
       • By injection
   • Resistance to specific pathogens

2. VACCINES

   • SUBUNIT
     • Contains whole microorganisms
       • ATTENUATED
         • KILLED
           • For viruses that can be inactivated
       • INACTIVATED
         • WEAKENED
           • Mutations
   • WHOLE-AGENT
     • Product of microbes
   • WHEN: stages, tourist
   • Can eliminate infectious disease

3. PATHOGENS

   • CELLULAR
     • Living organisms
       • Cellular machinery to carry out life processes
         • e.g. fungi, algae
   • NON CELLULAR
     • Non-living
       • Lack own material so use hosts metabolism
         • e.g. viruses
   • Infectious agents spread between hosts

4. DEFENCE

   • 1ST LINE (INNATE)
     • SKIN- physical barrier
       • Low pH stops growth
         • Tears, mucus nd saliva wash away bacteria
   • 2ND LINE (INNATE)
     • Inhibit or destroy
       • White blood cells are destroyed
         • COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
           • Plasma proteins work to bind pathogens and induce inflammation to fight infection
   • 3RD LINE (ADAPTIVE)
     • Once identified, lymphocytes launch specific response to pathogen
       • Including antibodies

5. CHEMICAL DEFENCES

   • VERTEBRATE
     • Chemical reposes
       • e.g. inflammation
   • INVERTEBRATE
     • Chemical reposnses
       • e.g. enzymes
   • ACTIVE
     • Plant responds to prevent further damage
   • PASSIVE
     • Always present
       • In plants
         • e.g. thick sticky skin

6. PHAGOCYTES AND PHAGOCTYOSIS

   • MOBILE WHITE BLOOD CELLS
     • Ingest microbes (antigens)
       • Digest by phagocytosis
   • 1. detect and interaction
     • 2. engulfment
       • 3. phagosome forms
         • 4. fusion with lyosome
           • 5. digestion
             • 6. discharge

7. HOW ANTIBODIES INACTIVATE

   • AGGULUTNINS
     • Cause antigens to clump
   • ANTITOXINS
     • Bind to toxins and neutralise
   • OPSONINS
     • Tags foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes

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