Electrons in atoms

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Mathematical models

the current model of the atom is mathematical

Rutherford's model could not explain why an object like an iron first glows red, then yellow when heated.

Bohr changed Rutherford´s model to incorporate newer discoveries about how the energy of an atom changes when it absorbs or emits light.

Quantum of energy

A quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level.

1 orbital on the s sublevel, 3 orbitals in the p sublevel

2 electrons maximum per orbital

the principal quantum number n always equals the number of sublevels within that principal energy level.

The number of orbitals in a principal energy level is equal to n2

Where are they coming from?

comes from the Schrodinger equation

A maximum of two electrons can occupy an orbital

Therefore the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principal energy level is given by the formula 2n2

orbital 1S

orbital 3P

orbital 5D

Calculate the maximum number of electrons in the 5th principal energy level (n=) R/ 50

Using 2(n)2 = 2(5)2

electron Dot diagram

(it's complicated to know which ones have that certain amount of valence electrons)

There are 4 blocks in the periodic table s, p, d and f

ni 4s2