software

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Multi-tasking: most systems commonly have several programs loaded into a memory at the same time. The operating system will also be running background tasks just to manage the computer itself. A processor can only execute one instruction at a time (assuming it only has one core). the operating system has to manage all the programs running to make sure each one gets enough processor time.

Security: operating systems usually allow the authentication of users, i.e they can be set up to check that users are who they say they are. This normally involves users having user ids and password. Operating systems can also handle five privileges, these are right assigned to users and group. This control who can read / write execute files.

User interface: operating systems need to provide means of communication with them. This means making it possible for the user to issue commands. The user interface is the way in which users interact with computer hardware. Can be either Graphical (GUI) or command line.

Peripheral management: peripherals are any computer hardware components that are not part of the CPU i.e. input, output or storage devices. a function of the operating system is to manage these devices. The operating system may need to find / ask user to install suitable drivers for the device to work. These drivers allows an operating system to communicate with the device.

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