Unit 1

The Collision of Cultures

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• The Archaic Period was dominated by Mongolian immigrants called the Clovis People.
• The tribes were very diverse.
• Agricultural revolution
• Women had a larger role in society.
• Animism
• Social status > riches/ land

Tribal Habits

• South America
• Incas, Olmec, Maya
• larger civilizations, self-sufficient
• North America
• Eskimos, Algonquian, Iroquois, Muskogee
• West: fishing, hunting, gathering
• South West: farming, pueblos
• East: Woodland Indians (farming, hunting, gathering, fishing)
• Iroqouis: Great League of Peace
• North East: nomadic

Early Exploration: Spain

• motivated by wealth, Catholic converts
• Florida (Onate) to deflect pirates and intrusions
• encomiendas (natives work in exchange for Catholicism), repartimiento (wage labor)
• Pueblo Revolt
• Complex racial hierarchy, but fluid
• As the native population is decimated by disease and abuse, the slave trade begins.
• Treaty of Tordesillas (w/ Portugal)
• 

Effects of Exploration

• Diseases (seen as God's work to both sides)
• Weeds, domesticated animals
• European livestock and people destroy land
• Indians see Europeans as insensitive and less resourceful
• Europeans see Indians as (noble) savages with no sense of freedom

Africa

• Matrilineal
• South: Islam, smaller empires
• West: indigenous religions
• Sub-Saharan: Mali, larger empires
• Slave Trade: Spain/ Portugal - Dutch - English
• began in Cuba/ Hispaniola
• 

Other European Exploration

• English
• Motivated by internal conflicts, Enclosure Movement
• Subjugation of Ireland - rigid separation that became colonial model
• Treaty of London - ended Spanish - Anglo War
• VA Company: Chespeake Bay 1607
• French/ Dutch
• French: allied with Algonquin
• Cartier, Champlain
• Dutch: New Amsterdam (loosely unified)
• free press and religion in Netherlands