Immunology

Question 1

Receptors of the innate immune system include:

Accepted Answer

Mannose Receptors

Accepted Answer

Dectin-1

Accepted Answer

TLRs

Accepted Answer

Complement receptors

Accepted Answer

Lipid Receptors

Accepted Answer

Scavenger receptors

Answer

Sodium receptors

Answer

Glucose receptors

Question 2

TLRs are part of the PRR family and recognise PAMPs/DAMPs.

Answer

true

Question 3

PRRs and Damage receptors include:

Accepted Answer

NLRs - cytosolic receptors

Accepted Answer

RLR - receptors like RIG-1

Accepted Answer

CLR - C-type lectin receptors

Accepted Answer

P2X7R - extracellular ATP

Accepted Answer

RAGE - HMGB-1

Answer

Lipids

Answer

Mannose

Question 4

Which are stages of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Attachment; Injestion; Killing and Degradation

Answer

Injestion; degradation; killing; attachment

Question 5

Cytokines are hormone-like molecules of the immune system

Answer

true

Question 6

Interleukins, Interferons, CSFs, TNFs and Chemokines are all cytokine families.

Answer

true

Question 7

Mast cells:

Accepted Answer

are highly granulated when inactivated

Accepted Answer

release their contents when activated

Accepted Answer

produce histamine, heparin, tryptase and chymase.

Accepted Answer

produce delayed products such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and cytokines

Answer

remain granulated

Question 8

Acute phase proteins

Accepted Answer

increase inflammation 1.5-10 fold.

Accepted Answer

include fibrinogen, haptoglobulin for iron binding, complement for mast cells and opsonins such as mannose binding proteins.

Answer

decrease inflammation

Question 9

When acute phase proteins are present, there is a 10-1000 fold increase in serum amyloid which inhibits fever and platelet activation and C-reactive protein.

Answer

true

Question 10

An opsonin binds to a molecule on a microbe surface to recognize the object being phagocytosed.

Answer

true

Question 11

C reactive proteins are examples of opsonins. They bind phosphoryl choline and target bacteria, fungi, parasites and damaged cells.

Answer

true

Question 12

Which of these are known to be opsonins?

Accepted Answer

C-reactive protein

Accepted Answer

Mannose-binding protein

Accepted Answer

Cb3

Answer

Lipids

Question 13

Interferons:

Accepted Answer

Inhibit viral replication and bind to neighbor cells to mount an anti-viral response.

Answer

Encourage viral replication and infect neighbor cells.

Question 14

Natural Killer Cells

Accepted Answer

Release lytic granules to kill some virus-infected cells.

Answer

Release lipids

Question 15

Eosinophils are anti-pathogenic, help recruit immune cells and are involved in obesity.

Answer

true

Question 16

Basophils are also anti-pathogenic and may support the generation of adaptive immunity.

Answer

true

Question 17

Innate lymphoid cells are newly discovered, are defined by cytokine profile and are involved in supporting gut immune responses.

Answer

true

Question 18

Time after infection:

Accepted Answer

2 days: Production of IFN-a/b, TNF-a and IL-12

Accepted Answer

3 days: NK-cell mediated killing of infected cells

Accepted Answer

7-9 days: T cell mediated killing of infected cells

Answer

11 days: reinfection and mount of neutrophils

Question 19

B cells have antibodies:

Accepted Answer

Which can be found in their membrane or as secreted molecules

Answer

Only in their membrane

Answer

Which are only secreted

Question 20

Antibodies are immunoglobulins

Answer

true

Question 21

The tips of antibodies contain variable regions

Answer

true

Question 22

Variable domains make antibodies specific

Answer

true

Question 23

The antigen will bind to the __ terminus of the antibody

Accepted Answer

N

Answer

C

Question 24

What protease cuts the disulphide bond between the heavy chains?

Accepted Answer

Papain

Answer

Propine

Question 25

When cleaved, the antigen binding portion of the antibody is known as ____, and the remaining domain is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Fab - fragment antigen binding; Fc - fragment crystallisable

Answer

Fc - fragment crystallisable; Fab - fragment antigen binding

Question 26

Antigens are large molecules, around >4000Da

Answer

true

Question 27

Antigens can often be expressed on the surface of pathogens as

Accepted Answer

DNA

Accepted Answer

Lipids

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates

Answer

Proteins

Question 28

Antibodies recognise "antigenic epitopes" which are specific amino acid sequences.

Answer

true

Question 29

Epitopes can come in the form of

Accepted Answer

Conformational epitopes

Accepted Answer

Linear epitopes

Answer

Irregular epitopes

Question 30

A high affinity requires a good fit between a single antigen and antibody

Answer

true

Question 31

Avidity refers to the total binding of all antigen binding sites

Answer

true

Question 32

The humeral immune response:

Accepted Answer

is a response mediated by antibodies

Answer

Is a response mediated by teratogens

Question 33

Antibody effector functions include neutralisation, agglutination, opsonisation, activation of complement, and ADCC

Answer

true

Question 34

Neutralisation is when

Accepted Answer

antibodies bind to the surface of a pathogen to prevent it from binding and invading host cells

Answer

the pH of the pathogenic environment is neutralised

Question 35

Opsonisation

Accepted Answer

promotes phagocytosis

Answer

promotes bacterial proliferation

Question 36

Complement activation enhances opsonisation and lyses bacteria

Answer

true

Question 37

Agglutination occurs due to complexes of antibodies and bacteria building up

Answer

true

Question 38

Tick the correct statements

Accepted Answer

IgG is the most abundant antibody and has a role in opsonisation

Accepted Answer

IgM is the earliest anitbody made contact with after the antigen, and can aggregate. Forms a pentamer with a J chain and disulphide bonds

Accepted Answer

IgD is rare and may be found in some cancers

Accepted Answer

IgA is found in secreted fluids such as breast milk and digestive fluids. It forms a dimeric compound bound by a J chain

Accepted Answer

IgE is low in the serum but important in allergic reactions and worm infections

Question 39

MALT:

Accepted Answer

is an abbreviation of mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

Accepted Answer

is a major site of B cell activity and antibody production

Accepted Answer

is associated with IgA

Answer

is associated with IgD

Question 40

IgA gets into the gut by

Accepted Answer

poly Ig internalising IgA on the basolateral side of the epithelial cells. Part of poly Ig is cleaved by a secretory component which allows IgA to be transported into the gut lumen

Answer

By diffusion

Question 41

CD4 T cells are __________ and CD8 T cells are _________.

Accepted Answer

Th cells; Cytotoxic T cells (Tc/CTL)

Answer

Memory cells; T helper cells

Question 42

T cells develop in the thymus

Answer

true

Question 43

The thymus shrinks as we get older

Answer

true

Question 44

B cells express surface IgM and IgD and express different variable regions

Answer

true

Question 45

TCR Va and Vb regions contain hypervariable regions resulting in

Accepted Answer

different Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs)

Answer

hyperactivity

Question 46

The Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Accepted Answer

is a region of DNA containing hundreds of genes

Accepted Answer

products/proteins/antigens are interchangeable terms for products coded by these genes

Accepted Answer

in humans is known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

Accepted Answer

involve three classes

Answer

Is found on B cells

Question 47

MHC class 1 and 2 are cell surface glycoproteins involved in T cell recognition of antigens.

Answer

true

Question 48

MHC class 3 is also involved with T cell receptors

Answer

true

Question 49

Class 1 MHC proteins have a long alpha (3) chain covalently linked to a B chain which is not embedded in the membrane, and Class 2 as an alpha (2) and a beta (2)  both with transmembrane domains.

Answer

true

Question 50

Polymorphisms: MHC have hundreds of polymorphisms so you can generate hundreds of different proteins

Answer

true

Question 51

MHC class 1 fit amino acids 8-10 long

Answer

true

Question 52

MHC class 2 can fit 12-20+ amino acids long

Answer

true

Question 53

The T cell has the TCR and the antigen presenting cell has the MHC and the peptide (antigen)

Answer

true

Question 54

MHC 1 present to ______ cells, and MHC 2 present to _______ cells.

Accepted Answer

CD8; CD4

Answer

CD4; CD8

Question 55

MHC 1 is involved with intracellular antigens, MHC 2 is involved with extracellular antigens

Answer

true

Question 56

MHC class 1

Accepted Answer

recognises the intracellular antigen

Accepted Answer

then be broken down by a proteasome

Accepted Answer

its then transported to the rER by TAP.

Accepted Answer

MHC is waiting in the ER bound to calnexin

Accepted Answer

When MHC binds the antigen it dissociates from calnexin.

Accepted Answer

This allows MHC to move to the membrane and present the antigen.

Question 57

With MHC2, antigens are endocytosed. Proteases within the endolysosome help process the antigen. MHC is waiting bound to "associated peptide invariant chain". MHC moves to the golgi then to another vesicle for compartment for compartment for peptide loading (CPL). CPL and the endosome fuse. The peptide can be loaded to the MHC which degrades the invariant chain, allowing the MHC to go fuse to the membrane and present the peptide to the CD4 cell.

Answer

true

Question 58

Advantages of MHC-associated recognition:

Accepted Answer

Its an extra mechanism for pathogens to attempt to avoid

Accepted Answer

It recognises different parts of the pathogen

Accepted Answer

It can detect antigens that are inside cells

Accepted Answer

There is less scope for mutations in pathogens to avoid recognition

Answer

It is better

Question 59

There are collections of T cells / immune cells in sites where infection is likely to happen, e.g. the GI tract.

Answer

true

Question 60

Lymphoid organs include:

Accepted Answer

Primary tissues such as the thymus and bone marrow

Accepted Answer

Secondary tissues such as lymph nodes, the spleen and MALT

Answer

Blood circulation and brain

Question 61

Lymph vessels contain lymph fluid, lymphocytes and tissue dendritic cells.

Answer

true

Question 62

There are many lymphoid vessels and structures in the GI, upper limbs and neck

Answer

true

Question 63

Antigen-bearing dendritic cells travel to the lymph nodes via afferent vessels and interact with T and B cells. This activates them and allows them to leave the nodes via the efferent vessels. This takes 4-6 days for the primary response.

Answer

true

Question 64

B cells are found in the _________ of the lymph node, T cells are found in the _____________. The medulla contains ___________, ___________ and ___________.

Accepted Answer

Follicles; paracortex; plasma cells; T cells; macrophages.

Answer

plasma cells; macrophages; follicles; paracortex and T cells.

Immunology

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