Quiz
Biopsych w7-12 Neurogenetics, psychopharmacology, Placebo, Other Neurotransmitters, Serotonin and Mood Disorders, Noradrenaline,
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Fragen in diesem Quiz (41)
1What is a polymorphism?
- AA portion of the protein that atttches to a dna
- BThe range of alleles in genes
- Ca discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. A discontinuous genetic variation divides the individuals of a population into two or more sharply distinct forms
- Da categorical genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. A categorical genetic variation divides the individuals of a population into two or more sharply distinct forms
2What is a GWAS?
- ANone of the below
- BA genetic marker for unknown genes at a particular loci
- Cn examination/placing of markers on an genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. Can test traits/disorders. Use strand of interest to attach to target strand portion in chromosone. A Manhattan plot
- Dn examination/placing of markers on an genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. Can only be used to karotype
3DNA varients include:
- ASingle nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape - BSingle nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases - CSingle nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases
Nucleotide substitution- number of bases - DSingle nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases
Nucleotide substitution- number of bases
Block inversion nucleotides backwards on the sister strand - held together by H bonds
Copy number- the number of repeating sequences (eg codons) can either increase or decrease, changing protein structure
- ASingle nucleotide subsitution
4Most phenotype causes and changes are...
- AMonogentic
- BPolygenetic
5A disadvantage in genochips:
- ACan't be sure that SNP variance, if found in tests, accounts for malfunction in gene
- Bcostly to run
- Cneed ill patients
6what is the adv of Endophenotypes?
- Ause healthy patients.
- Bsingle out quantitative traits
- Ccheap to run
- DA and B
7What kind of studies are animals useful for?
- ALongitudinal studies
- BAll kinds: their genome is comparative to humans
- CMeta analysis
- DRepeated Measures
8How are animals used in gene studies?
- AMutagenetics
- BCrossing animals
- Csame as human dna study techniques
- Dall of the above
9Foward and Reverse Genetic study modules entail:
- AMean the same thing: its just current or past time periods
- BGenotype to work out phenotype
- CPhenotypes work out genotype
- DB and C
10Casual links between genes, brain chemistry and behaviour can be determined by:
- AGWAS
- BObserving modes of inheritance with specific traits
- CObserving Phenotypes, mutating different genes and observing the functional, structural and behavioural impact
- DAll of the above
11The two types of post synaptic receptors are:
- APositvely and negatively charged
- BChannel and carrier mediated
- CIon Channels
G-Protein coupled - Dnone of the above
12Neuromodulation:
- Aall of the below
- BPresynaptic: Alters neurotransmitter release
Postsynaptic: Alters neurotransmitter action (e.g., alters excitability/ firing pattern) - C-Neuromodulation may produce both neurophysiological and biochemical effects.
Some moles can be NTs and modulators depending on context eg Serotonin - DDescribes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons.
13Why is the criteria for Defining Neurotransmitters not set?
- AThe research is not comprehensive enough
- BToo many variables to consider
- CSame mol somewhere else doesnt act as NT elsewhere
- Dnone of the above
14The difference between neuromodulation ad neurotransmission is:
- ANeurotransmission:
Either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY and
serves rapid (millisecond), precise, point to point communication.
Neuromodulation:
Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons. - BNeuromodulation:
Either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY and
serves rapid (millisecond), precise, point to point communication.
Neurotransmission:
Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons. - CSynthesis and transport to the synapse is relatively slow. BUT The neurotransmitter action is extremely fast because it sits ready for release.
- DA and C
- ANeurotransmission:
15Psychopharmacology, the drugs either behave as:
- AAntagonist: gonists: act like NT on receptor
Agonist: blocks receptor - BAgonists: act like NT on receptor
Antagonist: blocks receptor - CDrugs act by “mimicking” natural neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in both cases
- Dall of the above
- AAntagonist: gonists: act like NT on receptor
16A Nocebo is :
- AAll of the below depending on intervention type
- BBeneficial effects attributable to the brain/mind responses to context of treatment (drug or device) delivery rather than its direct action.
- Pain relief
- Reduced distress
- Other symptom relief - CNegative effects attributable to the brain/mind responses to context of treatment delivery rather than drug action.
- Pain
- Nausea
- Distress
-Hormone/Immune Response - DDepends on the drug being tested
17From the medical perspective it is extremely important to disentangle placebo effects from the primary intervention because:
- Ato develop the best treatments
- Bto understand the actual effects of the intervention
- CWhat is caused by the placebo vs the pathology ie disentangle placebo effects from the primary intervention )
- DAll of the above
18The placebo intervention (the treatment context) works by:
- Aactively interpreted by the brain and can elicit expectations, memories and emotions.. which can lead to symptom improvement
- BTricking the patient as a way to cheapen research costs
- CDepending on the symptom and the type of “treatment” many different factors might be involved
- DNone of the above
19Benefits of placebo effects include:
- AReduce drug intake
- Blarge or larger than accepted drug treatments and can reduce disability and increase quality of life over a period of months or longer (even reduce mortality).
- CParticipants learned to control their brain activity and reported reduced chronic pain symptoms after training
- DNone of the above
20Ways to control and measure placebo effects include:
- AOpen vs Hidden Design
- BParallel Group Design
- CConditioning Design
- DAll of the above
21Serotonin functions include:
- AActs as a neuromodulator influencing the activity of a variety of neurons throughout the brain
- Bappetite, temperature, working memory, hallucinations and mood
- Csleep, arousal,
- DAll of the above
22Serotonin made by:
- AThe Anterior pituarity gland
- Bfrom neurons originating in the Raphe Nucleus (Raphe = midline).
- CTryptophan an amino acid is activated upon by synethsis enyzme to form active compound.
- DB and C
23The DSM criteria for depression
- AA At least 5 of the following symptoms (see slides) have been present during the same 2-week period; at least one of the symptoms is either
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g. hypothyroidism). - BE. The symptoms are not better accounted for by Bereavement (loss of a loved one).
- CBrain imaging studies show a reduction in some types of serotonin receptors in the brain of unmedicated depressed patients.
- DAll of the above
- AA At least 5 of the following symptoms (see slides) have been present during the same 2-week period; at least one of the symptoms is either
24A key amino acid needed to make NA is:
- AAmino Acid decarboxylase
- BTryrosine
- CDopamine βAhydroxylase
- DAll of the above
25Tryptophan is:
- Ampaired serotonin function may be a “risk factor” leading to people being “vulnerable” to developing depression.
- Bthe serotonin building block
- CA lack of Tryptophan leads to reduced synthesis of serotonin
- DAll of the above are correct
26Serotonin Antidepressants (SSRI’s)
- AThey reduce reuptake of transmitter from synaptic cleft. The breakdown enzyme is not enough to remove the excess.
- BControversial to give to infants who are at risk of depression genetically, as it can affect the roles the nueromodulators play in the developing brains
- Cncreased levels of neurogenesis (birth of new brain cells) change or strengthen important mood related circuits in the brain. New evidence suggest SSRI’s could promote new brain cell growth treating past damage. May even be “neuroprotective”, protecting against future damage associated with depression
- DAll of the above
27Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) functions:
- ABlocks the breakdown of Serotonin (blocks the enzyme)
- BCan lead to lethal levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters if ingested orally after people eat foods with too much
- CNow used as a last resort under strict control of diet and other medications.
- DNone of the above
28Imagine an artificial society in which all individuals are raised in perfectly controlled, identical environments. In this population:
- Athe heritability of all traits will be high
- Bthe heritability of all traits will be zero;
- Cheritability will of all traits will decrease throughout the lifespan;
- Dheritability will be higher for physical traits than for behavioural traits.
29An autosomal dominant trait is exhibited by a father, but not by a mother. Which of the following is most likely to be true?
- AEach of their offspring has a 50% chance of exhibiting the trait;
- BAll daughters, but no sons, will exhibit the trait;
- CEach of their offspring has a 0% chance of exhibiting the trait.
- DAll sons, but no daughters, will exhibit the trait;
30Which of the following is NOT a feature of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)?
- Astatistical criteria are usually very stringent, to account for multiple testing;
- Bgene expression levels are quantified using microarrays;
- Cimputation can be used to estimate genotypes that were not measured directly
- Dmodern studies test upwards of 500 000 genetic variants across the genome
31Which of the following is NOT a type of structural genetic variant?
- Ainversion;
- Bcopy number;
- Caddition;
- Dblock substitution.
32Endophenotypes have been used to study genetic contributions to psychological disorders. An endophenotype of a psychological disorder should be:
- Apresent only in individuals affected by the disorder;
- Bresponsive to the same drug therapies as the disorder;
- Clikely to have a simpler genetic basis than the disorder;
- Dall of the above
33The genetic mutation underlying fragile X syndrome is most likely to be visible in a:
- AManhattan plot;
- Bkaryotype map;
- Cpedigree chart;
- DPET scan.
34The CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster encodes subunits of an acetylcholine receptor. Variants in this gene cluster are associated with both schizophrenia and:
- Aamygdala reactivity;
- Babnormal eye movements;
- Cvisual sensitivity;
- Dheavy smoking.
35CRISPR-Cas9 technology is useful in:
- Aforward-genetic studies;
- Breverse-genetic studies;
- Cgenome-wide association studies;
- Dboth (a) and (b).
36High levels of LC/NA activity result in:
- AThe larger the response of neurons in the Locus Coeruleus (LC), the more NA released & and the longer the following period of inhibition. In highly arousing situations the chosen focus of attention/behaviour dominates more for longer .. “distracting” alternatives are inhibited.
- BHighest rates rapidly follow a transient noxious or extremely positive stimulus/event (lots of NA released).
4F’s (Fight, Flight, Freeze or F… Fornicate - CState of Hyperarousal adapted for evolutionarily important situations where “individual” or “sexual fitness” is involved.
- DAll of the above
37The CRISPR-Cas9 system:
- Awas first observed in bacteria as a defence system against viruses;
- Bcontains RNA with the genetic code for the Cas9 protein;
- Cuses the Cas9 protein to locate the desired DNA sequence;
- Dall of the above.
38Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR) are different because:
- AChR2 responds to blue light, while NpHR responds to yellow light;
- Bactivation of ChR2 suppresses neural firing, while NpHR induces neural firing;
- CChR2 is more suited to CRISPR-Cas9, while NpHR is more suited to optogenetics;
- Dall of the above.
39The function of NA is:
- ASympathetic nervous system (flight or fight)
Arousal / Vigilance - BAnxiety
Exploitation vs Exploration - CReward / addiction
memory consolidation - DAll of the above
- ASympathetic nervous system (flight or fight)
40At moderate levels of LC activity:
- ANoradrenaline acts to consolidate decisions.
- Binning desicion LARGER burst of NA release “tips the balance” in favor of the winner with MORE STRENGTH for the the neural pathway, supresses the others. Then the nuerons enter a brief refractory period
- Cdaptive behaviour represents a tradeoff between exploiting known sources of reward and exploring the environment for alternative sources of reward (food, water, sex etc).
- DAll of the above
41Pupil dilation:
- Adilation accompanies a switches during perceptual rivalry
- Bdilate when select an image when the image is salient
- Ccan also be used as an index of cognitive decisions
- DAll of the above
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- Beschreibung
- Psychology Quiz am Biopsych w7-12 Neurogenetics, psychopharmacology, Placebo, Other Neurotransmitters, Serotonin and Mood Disorders, Noradrenaline,, erstellt von Taylor Carre-Riddell am 20/04/2017.
- Autor
- Taylor Carre-Riddell
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 39
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