Karteikarten
Topic 7
Karten in diesem Stapel (34)
- 1What is the purpose of the articular cartilage?It protects bones within joints. It is a shock absorber. Creates less friction between bones.
- 2What is the purpose of a tendon?Attaches muscle to bone, causing movement.
- 3What is the purpose of a ligament?Holds bone to bone and restricts movement.
- 4Define origin and insertionThe origin is the fixed attachment where the muscle originates. The insertion is the part of the body that moves with contraction. E.g. the knee is the insertion when you bend it and the hip is the origin.
- 5What is inside a muscle cell?Cytoplasm, mitochondria, myofibrils.
- 6What are myofibrils made up of?Sacromeres which are contractile elements
- 7What do sarcomeres contain?Actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
- 8What are the three types of muscle?Smooth (involuntary contraction of lungs)
Cardiac (striated, involuntary contraction)
Skeletal (striates, voluntary contraction, multinucleate) - 9Describe a Skeletal Muscles characteristicsHas its own nerve to stimulate contraction. Has its own artery providing oxygenated blood. Has its own vein to remove waste products.
- 10Describe the sliding filament theoryWhen a muscle contracts, the sarcomeres become smaller but the filaments do not change in length. Instead, they slide past each other; actin slides between myosin filaments and the zone of overlap becomes larger.
- 11What is the effect of lactate build up?Lactate forms lactic acid in solution. This means pH of cells falls and inhibits enzyme activity of enzymes that catalyse Glycolysis?
- 12Why does lactic acid inhibit enzyme activity?Hydrogen ions from lactic acid accumulate in the cytoplasm and neutralize negatively charged groups in enzyme active site. The attraction between enzyme and substrate groups will be affected, no binding happens.
- 13What happens to lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration?Most is converted back to pyruvate which is the oxidised directly to CO2 and water via the Krebs cycle, synthesizes ATP.
- 14What is Oxygen Debt or Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption?The excess oxygen requirement after exercise
- 15What is Oxygen Debts purpose?Needed for the removal of lactate
- 16Why is active recovery after exercise important?To maintain rapid blood flow to supply muscles with oxygen for lactate removal
- 17What is the immediate regeneration of ATP achieved by at the start of exercise?Phosphocreatine
- 18What is the efficiency of anaerobic respiration and how many ATP produced per glucose?2%. 2 ATP per mol. glucose
- 19What is aerobic capacity?The ability to take in, transport and use oxygen
- 20What is aerobic capacity measured in?Volume of oxygen consumed, VO2
- 21What is VO2 Max?The maximal amount of oxygen that the body can utilise during a period of maximal aerobic exercise
- 22What factors can affect VO2 max?Oxygen uptake, genetics, age, sex, body composition
- 23What is Cardiac Output?The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
- 24What is cardiac output dependent on?Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle (stroke volume) and heart rate
- 25What is the calculation for Cardiac Output?Cardiac Output = stroke volume x heart rate
- 26What is venous return?Blood returning to the heart
- 27Will a larger heart have a lower or higher resting heart rate and stroke volume?Lower heart rate and an increased stroke volume circulating the same amount of blood aeround the body
- 28What is heart muscle described as?Myogenic, as it doesn't need input from the nervous system
- 29What is heart mscle contraction caused by?Changes in cells electrical charge. Changes in polarity spread across the heart causing cells contraction
- 30How much energy is released in the hydrolysis of ATP?30.6 kj mol-1
- 31In what 2 ways in the energy for ATP production synthesises?Substrate level phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis
- 32Why is ATP useful energy storage molecule?- it can not pass out of a cell
- packages energy into small, useful amounts
- it is easily hydrolised - 33What happens to lactate after aerobic respiration takes place again?Lactate converts to pyruvate as it is oxidised. It is broken down in the liver to release energy (glycogen) for muscles.
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