Karteikarten
Chapter 1 - Definitions, History, and Development of Community Corrections
Karten in diesem Stapel (22)
- 1John AugustusA cobbler and philanthropist of Boston, often recognized as the father of modern probation.
- 2benefit of clergythis benefit was the pardoning of a person from the commission of a crime. The benefit of clergy was originally implemented for members of various churches, including clerics, monks, and nuns who might be accused of crimes.
- 3community correctionsincludes all non-incarcerating correctional sanctions imposed upon an offender for the purposes of reintegrating that offender into the community
- 4crime control model of correctionsmodel of corrections that seeks to simply incapacitate the offending population with no concern for the reentry issues that will follow for the community or the offender
- 5determinate sentencingconsists of fixed periods of incarceration imposed on the offender with no later flexibility in the term that is served. This type of sentencing is grounded in notions of retribution, just deserts, and incapacitation
- 6deterrencediscouraging people from lawbreaking by example
- 7English Penal Servitude ActAlexander Maconochie lobbied for this act in 1853, which established several rehabilitation programs for convicts in both England and Ireland
- 8general deterrenceintended to cause vicarious learning whereby observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and therefore are discouraged from committing a like-mannered crime due to fear of similar punishment
- 9incapacitationdeprives the offender of liberty and removes him or her from society with the intent of ensuring that society cannot be further victimized by that offender during the offender's term of incarceration. Also, the physical restriction to prevent further opportunities for lawbreaking
- 10indeterminate sentencingsentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender. The offender is released during some point in the range of years assigned by the sentencing judge
- 11mark systemcreated by Alexander Maconochie, a system whereby "marks" were provided to the convict for each day of successful toil. Under this plan, convicts were given marks and moved through phases of supervision until they finally earned full release
- 12Martinson ReportA landmark report released in 1974 that noted that with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that had been reported thus far had no appreciable effect on recidivism. This report generated substantial controversy in the field of corrections.
- 13negative punishmentthe removal of a valued stimulus when the offender commits an undesired behavior
- 14positive punishmentwhen a stimulus is applied to the offender in response to the offender committing an undesired behavior
- 15positive reinforcersrewards for desired behavior
- 16recognizancethis practice involves the use of an obligation entered into by a defendant, who is bound to refrain from engaging in crime for a stipulated period and to appear in court on a specified date for final disposition of the case. In exchange, the defendant is not required to remain in jail while waiting for his or her court date.
- 17rehabilitationimplies than an offender should be provided the means to fulfill a constructive level of functioning in society, with an implicit expectation that such offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to having worthwhile stake in a legitimate society, stakes that the offender will not wish to lose due to criminal offending. Also, changing the offender's behavior or circumstances ro reduce to possibility of further lawbreaking.
- 18retributionoften referred to as the "eye for an eye" mentality, this term simply implies that offenders committing a crime should be punished in a like fashion or in a manner that commensurate with the severity of the crime that they have committed.
- 19sanctuarysanctuary existed historically through the identification of various cities or regions (most often cities) that were set aside as a sort of neutral ground, protected from criminal prosecution. Accused criminals could escape prosecution by fleeing to these cities.
- 20social caseworkthe primary mode of offender case management in probation and parole. This process starts with theory and extends into the very skills and professional training helping professionals must have
- 21specific deterrencethe infliction of a punishment upon a specific offender in the hope he or she will be discouraged from committing future crimes
- 22ticket-of-leavea permit that was given to offenders on Norfolk Island and Australia in exchange for a certain period of good conduct. Through this process, convicts could earn their own wage through their own labor prior to the expiration of their actual sentence