Karteikarten
The Liberal Social Reforms
Karten in diesem Stapel (19)
- 1What reforms had already been passed by 1890 that affected ordinary people?--Hours of work reduced
--Working conditions improved in shops/mines/factories/mills etc
--Slum clearance. Most houses had piped water and were connected to a sewerage system.
--Free education + all children had to go to school
--All male householders had the right to vote
--Wages had risen - 2Which two people were responsible for the creation of the salvation army?William and Catherine Booth
- 3How did William Booth think about the poor?In terms of three concentric circles. The outermost region was the starving and homeless, but honest poor. The next circle in represented those who lived by vice. The center circle represented those who lived by crime.
- 4How did Charles Booth investigate the living conditions, income, and spending of Londoners, and what were his results?--He set up a team of paid investigators
--Kept track of 4000 people over a period of 17 years
--He found that nearly 31% of Londoners were living below the 'poverty line'. - 5What did Charles Booth discover that challenged the belief (common among Victorians) that the poor were responsible for their own poverty?85% of people living in poverty were poor because of problems relating to unemployment and low wages.
- 6What did Seebohm Rowntree discover about the poor in York?About 28% of the population of York were living in poverty (meaning they struggled to provide themselves with adequate food, clothing, and shelter.
- 7In what way did Seebohm Rowntree differentiate between those who stood no chance of being able to feed, clothe and shelter themselves; and those who could just about manage it but were living on the edge.He defined two types of poverty: primary poverty and secondary poverty.
- 8What did Seebohm Rowntree discover were the main reasons for primary poverty in York?1) Low wages
2) Largeness of family
3) Death of main wage earner - 9In which two ways could the poor acquire help?1) Private charities
2) The Poor Law - 10How many private charities were operating in London by 1905?700-800
- 11How had Dr Thomas Barnardo managed to help poor and abandoned children by the time he died?He had set up a network of children's homes across the country, rescuing 60,000 children from destitution and helping 500,000 to lead better lives.
- 12What were the workhouses?Provided food and shelter for the poor. However the poor were made to do unpleasant, tedious, and even painful tasks, and conditions were very bad.
- 13Why did poverty become a political issue in the early 1900s?1) Researchers such as Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth were widely read, including by people such as young MP Winston Churchill
2) The Boer War
3) The formation of the Labour Party caused the Liberal party to fear a loss of votes for them unless they also promised better living and working conditions for working people. - 14Who were the 'New Liberals' and what did they believe?Mostly younger Liberals, including David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. They believed that the State should help the poor and provide a framework under which everyone in the country could live.
- 15Why were only 1/2 million people qualified for state old-age pensions?To receive pensions, people had to be:
--over 70 years old
--income below £21 a year
--British citizens, living in Britain >20 years
--not been in prison for 10 years
--had not 'habitually failed to work according to their ability, opportunity, and need' - 16How were the reforms paid for?Lloyd George's budget (introd. 1909) which taxed wealthy and landowners. At first, the House of Lords rejected the budget, but after the Liberals won the general election of January 1910 they had to agree to it.
- 17How were the reforms enforced?Responsibility laid on local councils. Many councils opted out, so as to avoid having to raise taxes.
- 18In what ways was Lloyd George's 1909 budget a 'war budget', as he put it.1) Waging war against poverty
2) Lloyd George subtly threatening that if budget is rejected, then war ships will not be able to be built. This was at a time when Britain and Germany were engaged in a naval arms race. - 19How many Labour MPs were elected in the General Election in 1906?29
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