Astronomers

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Constitution gives states control over elections with in their borders polling hours and registration process (set by state)

Elections are overseen by state regulators

State determines ballot design, voting machine, paper ballots

Primary elections occur in the spring

Begins with larger canidate field and narrowed to one official party nominee

Front landing-

Presidential primaries- schedule and format determined by party

Early voters get a better choice

Ballot vs. Caucus ( a ballot is easier and takes less than it would than a caucus)

Closed- Primary- only registered party members eligible- get part ballot only

Primaries- die hard vote

National Convention occurs in the summer

Held during the presedential election only

Introduces platform and formally nominate

Years after WWII- became more democratic- gave state voters more say and took power for national party officials

Democratic Party- superdelegates chosen by the party

General Elections occur on the 1st Tuesday after the first monday in November

U.S. census every 10 years- Constitutional mandate

REAPPORTIONMENT- the house divides up its seats based on census data

REDISTRICTING- drawing of house member districts- done by state legislature

Gerrymandering- Elbridge Gerry

attempted to draw district lives that one party benefits while hurting the opposition

Rules

Districts must be contiguous- no islands

districts must have approximately the same population

Discrimination based on party is ok. Racial Discrimination is not

Packing & Cracking

Packing- concentrates members of a group in one

Appointed archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry II

King Henry hoped Thomas would side w/ him over the Pope

The king's plan backfires, and Thomas ended up taking side of church/pope over the king

He was murdered in 1170 by King Henry's followeres and was canonized as both a saint and matry

The shrine of Saint Thomas of Beckett became a popular destination for religious pilgrimages during Middle Ages

Crusades occured during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries

Goal of the crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land. it had a huge influence in Europe during Middle Ages

Chivalry- system of ideas and behavior that governed both knight and gentlemen

Courtly love- belief that acting in the name of a lady would help a knight be more brave and succesful

LATER GREEK ASTRONOMY

used geometry

Aristarchus (310-230 BC)

determined relative size of moon during a lunar eclipse

At first said moon was half as size of Earth's shadow of Earth taper, wasn't as straight as he thought it was

Sun to moon is 87 degrees

Actual angle 89.85 degrees. Sun is actually about 390 times farther than the moon

Concluded 4 things

Sun bigger than moon and earth

Sun is farther from moon than earth

Earth and moon must revolve around sun

Heliocentric Universe- Sun is Center

Eratoshenes- calculated tilt of Earth

Hippochurnes

most works lost

catalouged magnitude of stars

described precession of Earth

catalouged positions and brightness of stars

Ptolemy

Ptolemaic System

Geocentric

Epicycles

Retrograde motion- plations apparent backward movement as viewed from Earth

planets revolves on epicycle

Epicycle accounts for retrograde motion worded and used for nearly 1, 500 years

The Dark Ages (1300-1400)

Scientific thought basically stopped

lost lots of information and thoughts

Christian Church did not support Greek ideas

Renaissance Astronomers

Coperenicus- fully developed heliocentric model

wrote on the revolution of celestial bodies

Sun is center and all planets orbit it

Counterclock wise rotation of Earth produces apparent motion of heaven

Annual motion of sun againsts backwards

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