Grammar

Lesson 7.4

There are three kinds of irregular verbs ending in consonant. We'll use the Dictionary Form as the base form. ㄷ~ ㄹ verbs Verbs ending in ㄷ change to ㄹ before endings that begin with a vowel:                                                듣다 --> 들어   ㅂ ~ ㅜ verbs Verbs that end in ㅂ lose the consonant and gain add a ㅜ to the ending before endings that begin with a vowel:                                                덥다 --> 더워   ㅅ irregular verbs Verbs that end in ㅅ drop the ㅅ before enfings that begin with a vowel:                                                낫다 --> 나아 These are different form regular verbs in ㅅ which keep the ㅅ in all forms.   ㄹ irregular verbs Some verbs that end in ㄹ for the dictionary form drop the ㄹ for other verb endings. It must be learned by heart wether it stays or is dropped.

Lesson 7.5

Bases ending in ㅏ,ㅓ,ㅐ merge with verb endings that start with 아 or 어.                         자다 --> 자 (to sleep --> sleeps).   If the base ends in ㅣ and an ending starting with 어 is added, both vowels merge to form ㅕ.                         가르치다 --> 가르쳐 (to teach --> teaches) Note that 위 and 어 cannot be merged because this syllable does not exist.   If the base ends in ㅜ and the ending starting with 어 is added, both vowels merge to form ㅝ.                         배우다 --> 배워 (To learn --> learns)   If the base ends in ㅗ and the ending starting with 아 is added, both vowels merge to form ㅘ.                        오다 --> 와 (To come --> comes)   Most vowel bases that end in ㅡ drop the ㅡ beffore adding endings that start with vowels. (어 is added except for verbs with a preceding syllable with ㅗ or ㅏ)                     크다 --> 커 (to be big --> is big)                     바쁘다 --> 바빠 (to be busy --> is busy)   Most vowel bases that end in 르 drop the ㅡ and double the ㄹ before adding verb endings that start with a vowel. (어 is added except for verbs with a preceding syllable with ㅗ or ㅏ)                       빠르다 --> 빨라 (To be fast --> is fast)

Lesson 7.6

The direct object particle takes the form 을 after consonants and the form 를 after vowels. This particle marks the noun before it as the direct object of the verb. After a vowel, 를 is often abbreviated to just -ㄹ, especially in common expression like 날 me and 이 걸 this thing. Since the function of nouns in a sentence is marked by particles, the order of the sentence does not change the meaning: 어머니가 애기를 봐요. 애기를 어머니가 봐요. Both these sentences mean the same: Mother sees baby. The next two sentences both mean: Baby sees mother. 어머니를 애기기 봐요. 애기가 어머니를 봐요.      

Lesson 7.7

Corresponding to the english to are the particle 에 for places and 한테 or 에게 for living things. 은행에 가요 공원에 가요 내 친구한테/친구에게 줘요 만호 씨한테/만호 씨에게 줘요 From is expressed by the same particles with 서 after them. Sometimes the original is omitted, and you can simply say 서. You can do this when you want to say from (a place). 은행에서/은행서 학교에 가요. 식당에서/식당서. To express from living things you also add 서 to the particles for to. However, you can drop the 서 when speaking colloquially. 내 친구한테서 / 내 친구에게서 만호 씨한테서 / 만호 씨에게서 A. 한국말은 누구한테 배워요? B. 한국 사람한테 배워요. (the 서 has been dropped to say from a korean person) Here is a chart for the particles:                                  | To                   |  From                       Living things           | 에게               | 에게서                                  |한테                 | 한테서                                  |에                     | 한테 (colloquial) Place                        |에                    | 에서                                                                 서 (colloquial)