Quiz
second half
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Questions in this quiz (126)
1The amount of force a muscle can generate depends on __________.
- Athe number of sarcomeres in parallel, the length of individual sarcomeres, and the cross-sectional diameter of the muscle fiber
- Bthe number of sarcomeres in series
2In which types of muscle does myosin have an ATPase activity?
- ASmooth, cardiac, and skeletal
- BSmooth and cardiac
3Thick and thin filaments overlap within the __________.
- AA band
- BH zone
4What triggers contraction in smooth muscle?
- ACalcium binds to calmodulin.
- BCalcium binds to tropomyosin.
- CCalcium binds to troponin.
5When a muscle is stimulated at a high frequency such that the twitches build on each other, __________ is observed.
- Afatigue
- Bsummation
6Which of the following statements comparing smooth muscles to skeletal muscles is false?
- ASmooth muscles have more sarcoplasmic reticulum than skeletal muscles.
- BCalcium binds to the regulatory protein, calmodulin, in smooth muscle while calcium binds to troponin in skeletal muscle.
7Which is the fastest way that a skeletal muscle cell can generate ATP to power muscle contraction?
- AThe high-energy phosphate on the creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) is transferred to ADP creating more ATP.
- BOxidation of glucose
8An increase in the force generated by a muscle is achieved by the __________ of more motor units.
- Aglycolytic capacity
- Bfatigue
- Crecruitment
9Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter?
- AEpithelial tissue
- BSmooth muscle
- CNeural tissue
10Which blood vessels allow blood to move directly from the arterial to the venous circulation?
- AMetarterioles
- BCollateral arteries
- CPrecapillary sphincters
11[blank_start]Total peripheral resistance[blank_end] : the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.
[blank_start]Blood viscosity[blank_end] : the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.
[blank_start]Blood pressure[blank_end] : the force of the blood against the vessel wall.
[blank_start]Cardiac output[blank_end] : the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.- ATotal peripheral resistance
- BBlood viscosity
- CBlood pressure
- DCardiac output
12Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.
- Acardiac output
- Bblood viscosity
- Cblood vessel diameter
13
Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?- A10% change in vessel diameter
- B10% change in vessel length
14Blood pressure can be measured with a sphygmomanometer. When the display indicates diastolic pressure, what is heard through the stethoscope? Why?
- AKorotkoff sounds are heard, because blood is flowing through the artery, but the sounds are different than the sounds heard when pressure is higher than diastolic
- BNothing is heard, because blood flow is smooth through the fully open artery.
15A patient is vomiting and has diarrhea. Which would you expect?
- ADecreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure
- BIncreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure
16What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is NOT contracting (ventricular diastole)?
- ARecoil of the elastic arteries
- BStretching of the muscular arteries
17Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance?
- AFlow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.
- BFlow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance.
18Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient's blood pressure as 134/86. What are the patient's pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?
- APP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg
- BPP = 1.56 mm Hg and MAP = 48 mm Hg
19What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow?
- AResistance would decrease, since the greater volume would cause the veins to stretch more.
- BResistance would increase, because the increased volume would stretch the arteries to a greater degree.
- CThere would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.
20Hours after a surgery, a patient is taken for a walk around the hospital floor. What effect would an increase in venous return have on mean arterial pressure?
- AIt would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries.
- BIt would increase it, by increasing total peripheral resistance.
21Label each with the correct answer
- Acardiac output
- Bmap ( mean arterial pressure)
- Cvariable resistance
22Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow? Why?
- AArterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls
- BVeins, because they are the lowest-pressure vessels and can thus develop greater pressure increases with regulation
- CArterioles, because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter
23What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle?
- AWhen cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction.
- BIncreased blood flow stimulates the release of paracrine factors that vasodilate local vessels.
24Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?
- Acarotid sinus and aortic arch
- BThe sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
25If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
- Aincreased PNS and SNS activity
- Bdecreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity
- Cincreased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
26Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?
- Adecreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
- Bdecreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
27Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?
- Aa decrease in cardiac output
- Ba decrease in blood pressure
28If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do, and what would be the effect of that reflex?
- AIncrease firing rate; increased myocardial contractility
- BDecrease firing rate; decreased heart rate
- CIncrease firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility
29Which of the following cardiovascular control factors contribute to changes in blood pressure?
- Ablood vessel diameter, force of cardiac contraction,
- Bforce of cardiac contraction
- Cbody temperature
30fill in the blanks
- Amap
- Bstroke volume
- Ccardiac output
- Dtotal peripheral resistance
31Which of the following neurotransmitters will play a role in the regulation of blood pressure by creating a change in cardiovascular function?
- Aserotonin
- Bacetylcholine
- Cepinephrine
- Dnorepinephrine
- Eglutamate
32Which of the following is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system when blood pressure is too high?
- Adecrease heart rate
- Binduce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle
- Creduce blood volume
33In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by proteins in the blood
- ATrue
- BFalse
34The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
- Acapillary; interstitial fluid
- Binterstitial fluid; capillary
35
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.- Ablood pressure
- Bproteins in the blood
36Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
- Anet hydrostatic pressure
- Bnet osmotic pressure
37Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
- Avenous
- Barterial
38Blood velocity is lowest in the __________.
- Acapillaries
- Bveins
- Carteries
39Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels?
- AWhy is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels?
The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area. - BThe capillaries have the lowest blood volume.
- AWhy is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels?
40What is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries?
- ARelatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end
- BColloid osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary.
41Which is a similarity between diffusion and transcytosis at capillaries?
- AThey both transport large molecules.
- BThey both allow substances to be exchanged between the blood and cells within tissues.
42If the radius of a tube decreases by half, what will happen to the resistance to fluid flow?
- AResistance will increase 16 times.
- BResistance will decrease 16 times.
43
What is an advantage to the longer duration of cardiac action potential compared with the skeletal muscle action potential?- AThe longer duration prevents tetanus, which allows the heart chambers to relax and refill with blood before the next contraction.
- BThe longer duration allows the chambers to generate enough force to supply enough blood to tissues.
44Role of the heart valves is to ensure one-way flow of blood through the coronary circulation.
- ATrue
- BFalse
45Through which valve must blood pass as it moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
- ATricuspid
- BBicuspid
- CMitral
46Calcium ions are removed from the sarcoplasm of the cardiac cell by the action of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase pump and which other mechanism?
- ATroponin binding
- BSodium-calcium exchanger on the sarcolemma
- CRyanodine receptor channels on the SR membrane
47In a cardiac autorhythmic cell, which ion is responsible for the increase in membrane potential from threshold during an action potential?
- ACa2+
- BNa+
48For what are If channels responsible in cardiac autorhythmic cells?
- AThe pacemaker potential
- BAction potential
49
A patient has a problem with the capillaries in the kidneys. Which of the following could be affected?- AExcretion of metabolic wastes
- BNutrients in blood
50The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
- Aone pump
- Btwo pumps
- Cthree pumps
51Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
- Aright ventricle
- Bright atrium
52Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
- Aleft atrium
- Bright ventricle
53Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
- Aright ventricle
- Bright atrium
54
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?- Aleft ventricle
- Bright ventricle
- Cleft atrium
55Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
- ASA node
- BAV node
56What does the ECG wave tracing represent?
- Aelectrical activity in the heart
- Bcontraction of the heart
57What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
- Aatrial repolarization
- Bventricular depolarization
- Catrial depolarization
58Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
- AP wave
- BQRS complex
59Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?
- Aincreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
- Bdecreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
60By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?
- Aincreased end diastolic volume
- Bincreased end systolic volume
61Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling.
- Aisovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
- Bventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation
62Which cells act as the heart's pacemaker? Why are they the pacemaker cells?
- ACells of the SA node are the usual pacemakers, because they are autorhythmic cells, and set the pace of the heart rate.
- Bcells of the AV node are the usual pacemakers, because they are autorhythmic cells and set the pace of the heart rate.
63The electrocardiogram represents __________.
- Athe electrical activity of all of the cardiac muscle cells
- Bthe contractile activity of most of the myocardium
64Put the following structures involved in cardiac impulse conduction in the correct order:AV node
Purkinje fibers
SA node
bundle of His- Ac, a, d, b
- Bc, a, b, d
65Electrical signaling in the heart begins in the SA node because
- Ait depolarizes the fastest
true - B..........
- Ait depolarizes the fastest
66The total flow rate of blood is __________ in the arterial system compared to the venous system, and the velocity of flow is __________ in arteries compared to veins of comparable size.
- Athe same; greater
- Bthe same; lesser
67Which of the following statements about the systemic circuit is(are) true?
- AAll organs within this circuit that are supplied with blood (including the heart) are in parallel with each other, some organs are in series with one another, and blood flow to each organ can be independently regulated.
- BAll organs within this circuit that are supplied with blood (including the heart) are in parallel with each other.
68Which of the following is true regarding pulmonary circulation?
- APulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- BPulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
69In contrast to most other types of excitable cells, cardiac contractile cells __________.
- Ahave a plateau phase in the action potential
- Bshow an increase in PNa during the initial phase (phase 0) of the action potential
70During the pacemaker potential, membrane permeability increases for which of the following ions?
- AAll answers are correct
- BPotassium
- CSodium
- DCalcium
71Which of the following mechanical events will occur as a result of the electrical events that produce the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
- AVentricular systole
- BVentricular diastole
- CVentricular depolarization
72Which of the following sequences correctly correlates the electrical signals of the ECG with the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?
- AP–R segment—period of atrial contraction
- BQRS complex—period of atrial contraction
- CT–P segment—period of ventricular contraction
73According to the anatomical definition, an artery is a blood vessel that __________.
- Atransports blood away from the heart
- Btransports oxygenated blood
74Which of the following properly represents blood flow through the heart?
- Aright atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle
- Bleft atrium right ventricle left ventricle right atrium
- Cright atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle
75What does the P wave of the ECG represent?
- Aatrial depolarization
- Bventricular repolarization
76Which of the following would result in an increase in cardiac output?
- AIncrease in afterload
- BIncreased end diastolic volume
77During exercise, sympathetic input to the heart is increased. Stroke volume is often maintained, or even increased, even though heart rate is also increasing. How is this possible?
- AAll answers are correct.
- BSympathetic input increases ventricular contractility, thereby increasing stroke volume.
- CSympathetic input decreases conduction time within the heart, decreasing the delay between atrial and ventricular contractions.
78Which of the following will increase the force of contraction of the ventricles?
- AIncreasing end diastolic volume
- BIncreasing arterial pressure
79When you begin to exercise, the working tissue will need an increased delivery of blood in order to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for the maintenance of the increased metabolism. Which of the following will occur in order to help enhance the blood flow to the working tissue?
- AIncreased heart rate
- BIncreased heart rate and stroke volume
80Sympathetic activity increases ventricular contractility by __________.
- Aincreasing the rate of myosin ATPase activity and increasing the flow of calcium into the cytosol
- Bbringing the muscle fibers closer to their optimal length for contraction
81Starling's law of the heart can be stated as: if end diastolic volume increases, stroke volume will increase and if venous return decreases, end diastolic volume will decrease and stroke volume will decrease
- ATrue
- BFalse
82Cardiac output is increased by __________.
- Aincreasing venous return and increasing ventricular filling time
- Bincreasing ventricular filling time
83During isovolumetric contraction __________.
- Apressure in the ventricles is increasing
- Bblood is flowing from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
84The effect of parasympathetic input to the heart is to __________.
- Aopen additional potassium channels in pacemaker cells
- Bthere is no parasympathetic input to the heart
85Regarding ventricular volumes __________.
- Athe larger the end diastolic volume, the larger the stroke volume becomes and an increase in the force of ventricular contraction decreases the end systolic volume
- Ball the blood contained in the ventricles enters the vasculature during the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle
86Give the mechanistic explanation as to why tetanus does NOT occur in myocardial contractile cells?
- ACa2+ entry depolarizes the cell and lengthens the refractory period, which prevents the summation of the tension developed from repeated action potentials.
- BCa2+ entry depolarizes the cell, which shortens the duration of the action potential.
87Stroke volume can be influenced by __________.
- Asympathetic nerve activity
- Ball answers are correct
- Ccontractility
- Dafterload
88Starling’s law states that __________.
- Astroke volume increases as end-diastolic volume increases
- Bend diastolic volume is normally determined by venous return
89Which of the following may increase heart rate?
- ANorepinephrine and epinephrine
- BAcetylcholine
- CNorepinephrine, epinephrine, and insulin
90The pulmonary semilunar valve opens in response to __________.
- Aleft ventricle pressure > pulmonary artery pressure
- Bright ventricle pressure > pulmonary artery pressure
- Cright ventricle pressure > pulmonary vein pressure
91The second heart sound occurs during which aspect of the ECG?
- AQRS complex
- BT wave
- CPR segment
92Which of the following is(are) the same for the left and right ventricles?
- ACardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume
- BStroke volume
- CCardiac output
93Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting with the ventricular filling phase:
a. first heart sound
b. P wave of ECG
c. ventricular pressure > atrial pressure
d. isovolumetric relaxation- Ab, c, a, d
- Ba, b, c, d
94A decrease in central venous pressure would decrease __________.
- Acardiac output
- Bmean arterial pressure
- Call
95A decrease in which of the following would also cause mean arterial pressure to decrease?
- AStroke volume
- BTotal peripheral resistance
- CAll answers are correct
96Which of the following contain one-way valves?
- ALymphatic vessels and veins
- BPrecapillary sphincters
- CLymphatic vessels
97In an effort to bring mean arterial pressure back to normal after a hemorrhage, total peripheral resistance __________ because the blood flow to most organs __________. However, blood flow to the __________ and __________ is maintained because these organs are not greatly influenced by the baroreceptor reflex.
- AIncreases; decreases; brain; heart
- BDecreases; increases; muscles; GI tract
98Congestive heart failure on the left side of the heart results in __________.
- Apulmonary edema and increased venous pressure
- Bdecreased net filtration in the capillaries
99As blood flows through arterioles, which of the following decreases?
- AVelocity, pressure, and vessel radius
- BResistance
- CPressure and vessel radius
100Compared to arteries, which is lower in capillaries?
- APressure, velocity, and vessel radius
- BTotal cross-sectional area
- CVessel radius
101Which of the following is(are) the same in both the pulmonary and systemic circuits?
- AFlow rate
- BPressure
102During the measurement of blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, diastolic blood pressure is recorded when __________.
- Apressure in the blood pressure cuff is released until no further turbulent sounds are heard through the stethoscope
- Bpressure in the blood pressure cuff is released until the Korotkoff sounds are first heard through the stethoscope
103As part of the baroreceptor reflex response to hemorrhage, which of the following will increase?
- AHeart rate and venous return
- BVasodilation
104Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is equivalent to __________.
- Acardiac output x resistance
- BKorotkoff sounds heard through the stethoscope during a blood pressure reading
- C(systolic blood pressure + diastolic blood pressure), divided by 2
105Arterial baroreceptors are located in the aorta and carotid arteries so that pressure (and flow) to the __________ can be closely monitored.
- Abrain and systemic circuit
- Bsystemic circuit
- Cpulmonary circuit
106Blood vessel resistance is dependent on __________.
- Avessel length
- Bvessel radius
- Call answers are correct
107Venous return is increased by __________.
- Amuscle contraction, breathing, and drinking fluids such as water
- Bmuscle contraction and drinking fluids such as water
108Which of the following terms could be used to characterize veins?
- AHigh compliance and volume reservoir
- BHigh compliance, volume reservoir, and resistance
109Which of the following characteristics apply to arteries?
- AVery distensible
- BElastic, low compliance, and pressure reservoirs
110Which blood component is NOT classified as a mature white blood cell?
- APlatelets
- BLymphocytes
111A patient takes a drug that decreases liver production of albumin. Which would you expect?
- ADecreased osmotic pressure and increased water in plasma
- BDecreased osmotic pressure and increased water in interstitial fluid
112Which of the following is the fluid matrix of blood?
- APlasma
- BHematopoiesis
113Which of these plasma proteins is important for transporting iron?
- ATransferrin
- BFibrinogen
114
What makes erythrocytes unique from other cellular components of the blood?- AThey contain hemoglobin.
- BThey have no nucleus.
115Which of these cells is a phagocyte?
- ANeutrophil
- BErythrocyte
116What is the stimulus for synthesis and release of erythropoietin?
- ALow oxygen in tissues
- BLow carbon dioxide in tissues
117
Hematopoiesis is controlled by cytokines. What is the definition of a cytokine?- AA peptide or protein released from one cell that affects the activity or growth of another cell
- BA protein that circulates in the bloodstream and binds to receptors in distant cells
118Which signaling molecule is important for red blood cell synthesis?
- AErythropoietin
- BLeukopoietin
119Which type of mature blood cell has no nucleus?
- AErythrocyte
- BPlatelet
120A normal hemoglobin molecule consists of how many globin proteins and heme groups?
- AFour globin protein chains, each one with a heme group associated with it
- BTwo globin protein chains, each one with two heme groups associated with it.
- CFour globin protein chains with a single heme group in each hemoglobin molecule.
121Which organ is most responsible for the breakdown of old erythrocytes?
- ASpleen
- BKidneys
122Hemostasis has three major steps. The first is vasoconstriction and the final step is coagulation. What occurs between these two steps?
- AFormation of a platelet plug
- BContraction of vascular smooth muscle
123The binding of platelets to collagen can stimulate a positive feedback loop that results in more platelets adhering to collagen. Which signal causes the positive feedback loop?
- APlatelet-activating factor (PAF)
- BCollagen-inducing factor (CIF)
- CThrombin
124At each step in the coagulation cascade, something causes an inactive precursor to become activated, which in turn causes activation of the next protein. Other than the final fibrin product, which type of molecule is each of these activated proteins?
- AEnzyme
- BIntegrin
125Which is a similarity between hemostasis and coagulation?
- ABoth prevent hemorrhage.
- BBoth form a platelet plug
126A deep cut to the skin damages blood vessels. What is the first step in preventing excessive blood loss through the wound?
- AVasoconstriction
- BPlatelet plug formation
- CStimulation of the coagulation cascade
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- Quiz on second half, created by hanna sullivan on 10/12/2020.
- Author
- hanna sullivan
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- English
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