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Social Studies Flash Cards

Megan Rudy Praxis 5001 Praxis English 161 cards

Cards in this deck (161)

  1. 1paleolithic period2.5 Million years ago - The stone age
    Hunters and gatherers
  2. 2neolithic periodThe new stone age - 10,000BC
    True Farmiing - permanent settlements (villages, tribes)
    domestication of animals
  3. 3The Rosetta StoneEgyptian artifact
    provided translations of the hieroglyphics for modern understanding of the symbols
  4. 4The scarcity of Chinese arable farmland led to...Early development of intensive agricultural cultivation techniques
    Animal plows
    irrigation
    water conservation projects
  5. 5An effect of the gulf stream...Warm climate of Western Europe
  6. 6Cultural Diffiusionthe spread of cultural items (ideas, fashion, technology, etc.) from one central point to another
  7. 7Gender rolessocial and behavioral norms that determine how males and females speak, think, dress, and interact within society.
  8. 8The Silk Roada system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire.
  9. 9Treaty of VersaillesGermany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments . . . have been subjected as a consequence of . . . the aggression of Germany and her allies."
  10. 10Which colony had the highest proportion of German settlers during the colonial periodPennsylvania
  11. 113/5 CompromiseThe result of a debate within Congress about apportioning taxes based on population or land value. 3/5 of a state's slaves were counted in terms of congressional representation, presidential electors, and direct taxes.
  12. 12Dred Scott CaseSlaves were not US citizens (they had no rights) They couldnt sue for their freedom.
  13. 1319th Amendmentguarantee women the right to vote
  14. 14The Truman Doctrineprovided political, military, and economic assistance to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian forces and governments, including Greece and Turkey.
  15. 1510th Amendmentdivision of power between national and state governments
  16. 16Thomas HobbesEnglish materialist and political philosopher
    * advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings
  17. 17The effects of High TariffsThey benefit some groups at the expense of others. May weaken the economy
  18. 18Command EconomyAn economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods.
  19. 19The New Deal1933-1937 Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression.
  20. 20The Gettysburg AddressShort speech given by Abraham Lincoln; dedicating a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. Is considered to be a profound statement of American Ideals.
  21. 21the Articles of ConfederationAmerica's first constitution which provided for a new central government with limited powers.
  22. 22English Catholic Settlers mostly occupiedMaryland
  23. 23The Battle of Appomattox Court HouseAssoc.w/ the end of the Civil War Robert E. Lee (C) surrendered his Army to Ulysses Grant at The Battle of Appomattox Court House
  24. 24Rivers of MesopotamiaUne of the early river valley civilizations through the use of river water for irrigating crops, which produced sufficient surplus of food to support the first cities.
  25. 25The Boston Tea Party(1773) Colonists in Boston throws millions of dollars of tea off of British ships in protest of their Tea Tax and Boston Massacre.
  26. 26The Trail of TearsNative-Americans (particularly the Cherokee in Georgia and Tennessee) were forcibly removed from their land and made to march in the winter to reservations in Oklahoma. Over 4000 died out of 16000 who were forced to go. One of the greatest tragedies in American history.
  27. 27The Adams-Onis TreatyThis treaty provided for the United States purchase of Florida from Spain in 1819. It also gained Spanish assurances to abandon its claims in the Oregon Territory.
  28. 28The Dawes Actsupposed to "Americanize" Native Americans by encouraging in them the desire to own property and to farm reservation land distributed to Native American families
  29. 29The Great Migration1914-1945; mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North; reasons = jobs, prejudice, crop failures; leads to race riots in the North
  30. 30The Civil Rights Actdeclared that African Americans were entitled to "equal benefit of all laws...enjoyed by white citizens"
  31. 31the Kansas-Nebraska Actcreated two territories: Kansas and Nebraska. Allowed white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory.
  32. 32The Proclamation ActProhibited English settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native Americans.
  33. 33The Sugar ActPlaced a tax on foreign sugar. The colonists objected to being taxed without representation.
  34. 34The Currency ActThis act forbade the colonists from printing their own currency and instead required them to use hard currency (gold and silver), which was in short supply in the colonies. All taxes had to be paid in hard currency as well.
  35. 35The Townshend ActsTaxed goods, such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. It also allowed customs officials to search without real reason in order to prevent smuggling. Colonists believed that this tax was an example of taxation without representation.
  36. 36Democratic-RepublicansThomas Jefferson - People should have political power, favored a strong state government and agriculture
  37. 37Federalist Partyled by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They believed in a strong natl government. Did not want a Bill of Rights because citizen were protected by the constitution
  38. 38Whigs(Colonists), commonly referred to as patriots, who opposed King George and British rule over the colonies, sparking the American Revolution.
  39. 39Democratic PartyFounded by Andrew Jackson - supported a decentralized government and state's rights
  40. 40Missouri Compromise"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
  41. 41Black ThursdayOctober 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone
  42. 42Black TuesdayOctober 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929
  43. 43HoovervillesDepression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress
  44. 44Agricultural Adjustment AdministrationNew Deal
    Paid farmers to not to farm their lands
  45. 45North Atlantic Treaty Organization1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved
  46. 46Mesopotamiafirst civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture
  47. 47SumeriansPeople who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.
  48. 48PersiansEthnic group that settled in what is now Iran. They were rivals for control of Mesopotamia with the Greeks, and later the Arabs.
  49. 49GnosticismA religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element
  50. 50League of Nationan international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
  51. 51Cold WarA conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
  52. 52Cultural IdentityOnes belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect. You can "identify with" a group or "identify against" a group (what you are, or what you are not)
  53. 53Market SocialismA type of socialism in which the means of production are owned or controlled by the government, but individuals and businesses make some economic decisions
  54. 54Vertical Climateoverall weather patterns of a region as influenced by elevation; higher the elevation, the colder the climate.
  55. 55Marine ClimateThe climate of some coastal regions, with relatively warm winters and cool summers.
  56. 56Subtropical ClimateThis climate type has hot summers and mild winters/ it is found on the eastern side of the continents
  57. 57French Colonistssettled in Northern New England
    Helped the Native Americ
  58. 58Seven Years War(1756-1763) French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
  59. 59Thomas Jefferson3rd US President (Democratic-Republican) believed state govt should be stronger than federal. Opposed the federal bank. Believed commoners were the backbone of the nation.
  60. 60Alexander Hamilton(federalist)believed the federal government should have more power over the state. supported the first bank. favored business leaders and mistrusted the commoners
  61. 61Archipelagosgroups of islands that's largely comprised of Indonesia and Philippines
  62. 62BasinA geographic depression - filled with water
  63. 63isthmus* A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas
    * Important for trade - build canals
  64. 64TributaryA stream or river that flows into a larger river
  65. 65Tropic of CancerThe imaginery line of latitude - 23 degrees north of the Equator. It marks the farthest north where the sun can be seen directly overhead.
  66. 66StructuralismClaude Levi-Straus
    Human beings build meaning out of conceptual differences and oppositions. (day/night. life/ death)
  67. 67Auguste Comte"Father of Sociology" - 19th century Philosopher
    Positivitism
  68. 68Karl Marx"Father of Communism" - 19th century German Philosopher
    The theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development. (Haves v. Have-Nots)
  69. 69Conflict TheoryKarl Marx. The role of power and conflict in social organizations.
    The struggle btw labor and owners...gender, religion, race
  70. 70Societal OrganizationAny group that organizes its members into roles and provides connections among its members. ie. institutions of govt, education, religion, economic systems, family
  71. 71Darwinian ModelHerbert Spenser, proposed that societies act like a species of animal under the influence of natural selection
  72. 72EthnocentrismThe belief that one's own cultural group is superior to others.
    (prejudice, bias, discrimination)
  73. 73Cultural RelativismAll cultures are equally valuable - should be studied from a neutral point of view. (understand the actions of others)
  74. 74Cultural PluralismSmall groups with seperate cultural identities are accepted by the wider culture within the larger society. Multiculturalism.
  75. 75Sigmund FreudA psychologist who developed psychoanalysis. Believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions.
  76. 76classical conditioningA type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
  77. 77operant conditioningA type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
  78. 78behaviorismA theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
  79. 79Three branches of the governmentLegislative, executive, and judicial
  80. 80Legislative branchThey make the laws. Made up of the House of representatives
  81. 81House of representatives435 members. the number each state has is based on the state's population. 100 % of members elected every 2 years
  82. 82Executive branchones to enforce the laws, includes the president and vice president
  83. 83judicial branchinterprets the meaning of laws, and decide if law violates the constitution
  84. 84constitutionwritten in 1789, the frame of the government. defined the composition of the three branches
  85. 85Treaty of Paris 1783Treaty between colonists and British, ended the revolutionary war
  86. 86The Silk Roada system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire.
  87. 87What at the 5 Great Lakes? Be able to locate them on a map.What at the 5 Great Lakes? Be able to locate them on a map.
    A group of five freshwater lakes of central North America between the United States and Canada; the lakes are Huron (looks like a perched bird), Ontario (sits ontario, or on top of, Lake Erie), Michigan (boarders Michigan), Erie (at the bottom which is kind of eerie, and it boarders Erie, Pennsylvania), and Superior (the "superior" lake because it is at the top, and is the biggest)
  88. 88What was the first successful English settlement in the Americas?Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Jewelers and goldsmiths came, hoping to find gold. When there wasn't any gold, when there was no one willing to farm, and a harsh winter called the "Starving Time," struck, nearly half of the colonists died. The low survival rate in the New World made it difficult to find new colonists
  89. 89What is the Mayflower Compact?One of the first written frameworks of government in the US, which the Puritans signed while traveling to North America on the Mayflower. By signing, they were binding themselves to following "JUST AND EQUAL LAWS."
  90. 90mercantilismidea that the government should regulate the economy through local business, tariffs, and a favorable balance of trade, to increase their power. Relied on the increase of land ownership to provide room for producers and consumers.
  91. 91Seven Years Waran eighteenth-century war fought in Europe, India, and North America. One of the major outcomes was England beating France to become the world's leading colonial power. The North American part of the war is called the French and Indian War.
  92. 92Common Sense pamphletwritten by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation during the time of the Revolutionary War
  93. 93Battle of SaratogaTurning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support.
  94. 94Emancipation Proclamation1863. This offer of freedom was to undermine Confederate southern states, it freed all slaves living in a rebellious state in the south. if they served. The Union formed black regiments, and blacks became a major part of the war effort.
  95. 95Topographical mapSimilar to a physical map but shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep.
  96. 96Thematic mapsmap designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. These maps "can portray physical, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a region
  97. 97anthropologystudy of humanities
  98. 98ring of firearea located in the basin of the pacific ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur
  99. 99physical mapShows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief.
  100. 100political mapdoes not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map.
  101. 101Indus River Valley (c. 2500-c. 1750 BCE)Importance of water, city planning, agriculture.
    Civilization developed on the Indus River floodplain. Today part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India. Well-organized, their drainage systems, wells and water storage systems were the most sophisticated in the ancient world. They also developed system of weights and trade
  102. 102Early china (c. 1500-c. 771 BCE)Ancestor worship, manorialism (lords and peasants worked together to support one another. The wealth of the lords came by the labors of the peasants who worked their lands. In return, the lords protected the peasants, offered them shelter, and insured that they were fed). Health discoveries (ex. acupunture) Agriculture (ex. the wheelbarrow and chain pump) war fare (ex. iron weapons) silk, and the making of paper. Most of these discoveries were made in the Han Dynasty.
  103. 103Olmec society in Mesoamerica (c. 1200-c. 400 BCE)Monumental sculpture, ceremonial centers, writing. The first major civilization in Mexico. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico. Practiced ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies
  104. 104Ancient Egypt (c. 2711-c. 1090 BCE)Influence of geography, hieroglyphics and Rosetta Stone, religious rulership, pyramids and the Valley of Kings.
  105. 105Contributions of GreeceThe Olympics, theater, advancements in science, art, great works of literature, amazing architecture, philosophy, mathematics, and the world's first democratic government
  106. 106Government of RomeRepublican (representative) form of government; a representative democracy when people vote for a smaller group of citizens to make laws.
  107. 107Contributions of RomeContributions of Rome Technology, Medicine, Language, Religion, Roman Law and Politics, Literature, Arts, Games
  108. 108Japanese Feudalism12th-19th c. Where local rulers dominated the land, while the emperor was a figurehead. Organized around a four-tiered social structure, with the samurai warrior class at the top. Below them ranked farmers (including fisherman), and then artisans, with merchants and shopkeepers at the bottom. This hierarchy was due to Confucian ideals, which emphasized the importance of individuals who produced things.
  109. 1094 Major Inventions from ChinaPaper making, printing, compasses and gunpowder
  110. 110ConfucianismThe system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. After the Zhou Dynasty fell China welcomed this philosophy
  111. 111MayansYucatan, Guatemala and Eastern Honduras. By 500 BCE agricultural people had begun using a ceremonial calendar and built stone pyramids on which they held religious observances
  112. 112AztecsMexico. Major feature was human sacrifice to their chief god. Government was centralized with an elective king and a large army. Characterized by the evolution of pottery, fabrics, and flat-topped mounds (huacas).
  113. 113IncasInterior of South America, Ecquador-Chile. "Children of the Sun", believed that they were the sun god's vice regents on earth and more powerful than other humans. Every person's place in society was fixed and immutable and that the state and army were supreme.
  114. 114Scientific Revolutionemergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.
  115. 115Declaration of IndependenceA statement adopted by the continental congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies then at war with Great Britan were now independent states, and that's not longer part of the British Empire. Primarily work of Thomas Jefferson of VA.
  116. 116Marbury vs. MadisonThe 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789
  117. 117ReconstructionThe period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.
  118. 118Plessy v. FergusonA 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
  119. 119McCarthyismThe term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
  120. 120SociologyStudy of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society
  121. 121Capitalwealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value
  122. 122Opportunity costWhatever must be given up to obtain some item
  123. 123Government's role in economicsGuides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth --
  124. 124Traditional EconomyAn economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next.
  125. 125Free-market EconomyCapitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand; people decide what is produced
  126. 126CommunismA political system characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government
  127. 127SocialismA theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
  128. 128CapitalismAn economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
  129. 129Imports and ExportsExport is any international transaction that causes goods to flow into a country; an import similarly is any international transaction that causes goods to flow out of a country
  130. 130The Bill of RightsFirst 10 amendments to the constitution. 1. separation of church and state, freedom of religion, press, assembly, speech; 2. Right to bear arms. 3. Cannot quarter soldiers; 4. Right to privacy and unreasonable searches; 5. Due process, self-incrimination, and double jeopardy; 6. Right to a public trial by and impartial jury; 7. Right to sue people; 8; No cruel and unusual punishment; 9. Enumeration of specific rights in the constitution cannot be taken as a way to deny other rights retained by the people; 10. Rights not delegated to the federal gov't by the constitution are reserved to states or people.
  131. 131Miranda VS. Arizonathe supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Decision based on rights given in 5th Amendment.
  132. 132Louisiana PurchaseThe U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.
  133. 133ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
  134. 134RenaissanceThe great period of rebirth or enlightenment in art, literature, learning, and government in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history.
    Important figures included the poets Petrarch and William Shakespeare, political adviser Niccolo Machiavelli, and the scholars Thomas More and Erasmus.
    Oil painting, perspective, and proportion were all discovered/invented.
  135. 135Hundred Years WarThe series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Was discovered that foot soldiers with long bows were superior to armored knights thus ending medieval form of warfare.
  136. 136French RevolutionThe revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
  137. 137Reign of TerrorThe historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
  138. 138Isaac NewtonEnglish mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.
  139. 139Industrial RevolutionThe change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, beginning in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Inventions such as steam engine, steam ships, locomotives, cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom fueled the revolution as well as advances in steel production and the use of electricity. Later the internal combustion engine led to cars. At first there were no regulations regarding working and living conditions but later in the century there were many reforms.
  140. 140Ottoman EmpireA Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire around 1453. Became static because of the Muslim belief that all truth can be found in the Koran so did not participate in the Renaissance and Enlightenment with the western civilizations.
  141. 141Mongol EmpireAn empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe making it the largest land empire in the world.
  142. 142Six Day War(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.
  143. 143Opium WarWar between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China and took possession of Hong Kong.
  144. 144How did the labor force change in the 1830sEmployers began hiring Immigrants
  145. 145United Nationsformer after WW2, organization to prevent conflicts
  146. 146Bill of rightsthe first 10 amendments made to the constitution
  147. 147Panama Canal connects what 2 bodies of WaterPacific and Atlantic Sea
  148. 148Himalayashighest mountain in the world, over 100 peaks. located in Asia
  149. 149federalismthe division of power between a central government and the constituent governments (states)
  150. 150checks and balancesthe constitutional arrangement of powers that prevents one branch of the government from becoming to powerful
  151. 151separation of powerthe division of power among the three branches of the U.S government
  152. 152Brown v. Board of Education of TopekaSupreme court ruled that segregating schools on race was discrimination, overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson
  153. 153New England ColoniesMass, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire
  154. 154Mid Atlantic ColoniesNJ, NY, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware
  155. 155Southern ColoniesVirginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina
  156. 156Mid Atlantic Economic ActivitiesShipbuilding, iron mining, production of paper, glass, textiles, farming
  157. 157Proclamation ActProhibited English settlement beyond Appalachian mountains to appease Native Americans
  158. 158Stamp Acttax on newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, almanacs
  159. 159Sons of LibertyStaged riots in opposition to stamp act
  160. 160Dred ScottSlave, whose owner had taken him from a slave state to a free state
  161. 161—

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Praxis Praxis 5001 Flashcards on Social Studies Flash Cards, created by Megan Rudy on 17/12/2017.
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