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Flashcards

Abdominal Wall

jyghowes English 209 cards

Cards in this deck (209)

  1. 1What is abdominal cavity continuous with?Pelvic Cavity
  2. 2What is pelvic cavity limited by?Pelvic Diaphragm
  3. 3Transpyloric planePasses midway between suprasternal notch + pubic Symphis
  4. 4Pubic SymphisLower end of sternum body and umbilicus
  5. 5Umbilicus lies on lèvel?between L3 + L4
  6. 6Transtubercular plane what is? Passes through what? Lies at what level?Lower horizontal plane
    pass through iliac crests' tubercles
    lies @ level L5
  7. 7Mid- inguinal pointHalf Way between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis
  8. 8What corresponds to mid-clavicular lines?Line drawn vertically up from mid-inguinal points
  9. 9What divides the anterior abdominal wall? How many divisions?Mid-Clavicular Lines
    Transpyloric plane
    Transtubercular plane
    9
  10. 103 regions / divisions from top down in midline?Epigastrium
    Umbilical Region
    Hypogastric
  11. 113 regions from top down laterally?R+L Hypochondrium
    R+L Lumbar regions
    R+L Inguinal / iliac region
  12. 12What is ab cavity posteriorly bounded by?Lumbar Vertebral Column
    + its associated pre + post vertebral muscles
  13. 13What bounds it laterally + anteriorly? What do they form?3 layers of muscles
    they form the ab wall here
  14. 14Spermatic Cordit is in M's inguinal region
    It transmits ductus deferens + testis' lymphatics through anterior ab wall into scrotum
  15. 15Embryological Remnantin F
    follows path of spermatic cord in M
  16. 16Inguinal Canal What pass through it ? To reach?Spermatic Cord and Embryological remnant pass through it
    to reach:
    i) Scrotum in M
    ii) Labia Majora in F
  17. 17What do muscles of anterior and lateral ab wall fill?space between costal margin + bony pelvis' iliac crest
  18. 18Describe path of most superior part of bony pelvisAround iliac crests
    from posterior to anterior superior iliac spines
  19. 19Pubic Symphysissecondary cartilaginous joint
    joins 2 pubic bones
    In midline anteriorly
  20. 20Pubic CrestCrest of bone on superior pubic ramus
    lateral to pubic symphysis
  21. 21Pubic TubercleRaised tubercle that the pubic crest ends in
    1 or 2 inch from pubic symphysis
  22. 22Rectus AbdominisMuscle on each side of midline
    from pubic symphysis and pubic crest below
    to costal cartilages' margins
    (above typhoid process)
  23. 23What do Transverse tendinous intersections do?Divide muscle into 4 shorter muscle segments
  24. 24Where do the 3 transverse tendinous intersections lie?One at level of umbilicus
    one at xiphoid cartilage level
    one midway between above 2
  25. 25What does rectus abdomens do to trunk?Flexes Trunk
  26. 26Erector SpinaePrincipal agonists of rectus abdomens
    powerful extensor muscles of trunk
    Between spinous + transverse processes of vertebrae
  27. 27What is the most superficial muscle in ab wall?External Oblique Muscle
  28. 28External Oblique Muscle origin?from lateral aspects of lower ribs
  29. 29What does external oblique muscles have posteriorly?A free margin lateral to erector spinae muscle
  30. 30Fibres of the external oblique muscle?Run down + forwards
    Become aponeurotic before reaching rectus abdomens muscle anteriorly
  31. 31What does the aponeurotic part do at the rectus abdominis?hELPS FORM SHEATH FOR REST OF RECTUS ABDOMINIS
  32. 32What can you say about the aponeurosis of the external oblique? Where does no muscles fibbers extend medially beyond?qUITE eXTENSIVE iNFERIORLY
    NO MUSCLE FIBRES EXTEND MEDIALLY BEYOND A LINE JOINING UMBILICUS AND THE ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE
  33. 33What is the external oblique aponeurosis attached to: laterally and medially?Inferiorly it is attached to anterior superior iliac spinal laterally
    + to pubic tubercle medially
  34. 34Inguinal Ligaments= Aponeurosis' free lower border curls up + in on itself between these boney points
  35. 35Where is there a space for femoral nerve + femoral vessels + liopsoas muscles to enter thigh?Gap beneath inguinal ligaments' free lower border
    and rim of bony pelvis below
  36. 36Internal Oblique lies...Internal Oblique lies deep to external
  37. 37Where does internal oblique rise from laterally and posteriorly?iNTERNAL oBLIQUE RISES FROM COSTAL MARGINA LATERALLY
    mORE POSTERIORLY: FROM THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA
  38. 38What is the thoracolumbar fascia?Fascia encapsulating erector spinae muscles
    between lumbar vertebrae's spinous and transverse processes
  39. 39What can you say about internal oblique's muscle fibres?Internal Oblique muscles fibres run up + forward
    Become aponeurotic as reach rectus abdomens muscle anteriorly
    (here they form rectus sheath part)
  40. 40Where do the muscle fibbers inferiorly arise from?Inferiorly Muscle fibres origin = iliac crest
    + outer 2/3s of inguinal ligament edge
  41. 41Path of internal oblique's lowermost fibres?Internal Oblique's Lowermost fibers arch over spermatic cord (first pass up + then over it)
    + then down into bony crest of pubis
  42. 42As the lowermost fibbers of the internal oblique approach the pubic crest, what happens?become aponeurotic
    + fuse w/ deeper fivers of transverses abdomins' aponeurosis
    (which lies immediately behind it)
  43. 43Conjoint Tendon What is it? What is it formed by? What does it attach to?flat aponeurotic sheet
    formed by transverses abdominis aponeurosis + internal oblique lowermost fibbers' aponeurosis
    Attaches to pubic crest medial to punic tubercle
  44. 44Transversus Abdominis Lies ?Lies deep to internal oblique
  45. 45Where does transversus abdominis muscle arise from posteriorly above below?Posteriorly Arises from thoracolumbar fascia
    arises above from inner margin of lower ribs
    arises blow from lateral part of inguinal ligament
  46. 46Transversus Abdominis FibersRun Horizontally
    become aponeurotic @ rectus abdominis' lateral margin
    here transversus abdominis contributes to rectus sheath
  47. 47Transversalis Fascialine the deep surface of ab wall muscles
    is thinner in more distensible regions
  48. 48What lies beneath transversals fascia?Peritoneum
  49. 49Extraperitoneal Fat liesbetween peritoneum + transversals fascia
  50. 50What does transversals fascia run across? Until?Posterior Ab wall
    until reaches kidney
  51. 51What is the transversalis fascia like when it reaches the kidneys? Renal FasciaQuite thick
    Splits into 2 layers called Renal Fascia:
    i) Pass in front + behind kidneys +renal vessels
    ii) enclose perirenal fat layer between themselves + kidney's capsule
  52. 52Fascia Iliaca and Psoas FasciaWhat transversals fascia becomes lower in abdomen
    form tough layers in from of iliacus + psoas muscles on posterior ad wall
  53. 53Rectus Sheath Does what?endless the rectus abdomens muscle
  54. 54What forms the rectus sheath?Aponeuroses of 3 anterolateral muscles of anterior ab wall
  55. 55Where does the aponeurosis of transverses abdominis pass?Behind rectus muscle
  56. 56Where does the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle pass?In front of rectus muscle
  57. 57What happens to the aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle?Splits
    1/2 fibres pass behind
    + 1/2 in front of rectus abdominis muscle
  58. 58Linea AlbaMidline Fibrous Band
    Where all aponeurotic fibbers fuse
  59. 59Where else does the aponeurotic fibres fuse?At lateral border of rectus sheath
    along linea smilunaris
  60. 60What can be seen on lean imdv.?Lines of fusion: linea alba + linea semilunaris
    Tendinous Intersections of rectus abdominis muscle
  61. 61Why can these be seen?Rectus sheath also fuses with tendinous intersections on its anterior surface
  62. 62What is there at the midpoint between umbilicus and pubic symphysis?Change in relationship between aponeurotic sheets (of anterior ab musculature)
    + rectus abdominis muscle
  63. 63What happens below this point?All aponeuroses pass in front of rectus abdominis muscle
  64. 64Arcuate LineSeen behind muscles
    indicates level at which this occurs
  65. 65What level does the nerve supply to anterior ab wall come from?T7 to L1 inclusive
  66. 66Where do these nerves run?Between Internal Oblique + Transversus Abdominis muscles
  67. 67Why can't a few lowermost nerves enter neuromuscular layer immediately?bc they 1st appear on anterior surface of large posterior ab wall muscles
    that get in the way
  68. 68Where do intercostal + subcostal nerves pass?Round ab wall
    Cross linea semilunars
    Enter rectus sheath
  69. 69What happens to the intercostal + subcostal nerves at the rectus sheath?They become cutaneous
  70. 70What do nerves in anterior ab wall extend along?Ribs + Costal Cartilages
  71. 71Where do the upper nerves run up to?T7 @ xiphoid cartilage
  72. 72What do the lower nerves run down to?Umbilicus (T10)
    Pubic Symphysis (T12)
  73. 73What's the lowest nerve to supply muscles of anterior ab wall? What does it fail to do?L1
    fails to reach midline
  74. 742 IMPORTANT arteries in rectus sheathSuperior + inferior epigastric arteries
  75. 75What is superior epigastric artery? Where does it enter rectus sheath?A terminal branch of internal thoracic artery
    Close to xiphoid cartilage
  76. 76What is inferior epigastric artery?Branch of external iliac artery
  77. 77Path of inferior epigastric artery?mEDIALLY FROM EAXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
    HOOKS UNER DUCTUS DEFERENS
    TURNS UP + ENTERS RECTUS SHEATH BENEATH ARCUATE LINE
  78. 78What can you say about the 2 epigastric arteries?They run towards each other
    They anastomose freely in rectus sheath
  79. 79What supplies anterior + lateral ab wall?Branches from this anastomosis
    Branches from lower intercostal arteries
    Lumbar Branches of abdominal aorta
  80. 80Where do superficial veins above umbilicus drain to?Internal thoracic vein
    to subclavian vein
    to superior vena cava
  81. 81Where do superficial veins below umbilicus drain?To femoral veins to inferior vena cava
  82. 82What can lead to distension of epigastric veins?Liver disease leading to obstruction of portal vein
  83. 83Why?They offer alternative route from blood to bypass obstruction
    to return to heart via superior vena cava
  84. 84What are distended veins of this sort called?Caput Medusae
  85. 85From what do the psoas muscles arise?Either side of lumbar vertebral column
    from intervertebral discs + adj parts of bony vertebral bodies
  86. 86What allows blood vessels to run behind psoas muscle + for nerves to escape through from spinal canal?Tendinous arches passing form 1 attachment to the next
    creating space
  87. 87What does the psoas muscle go onto do when it moves posteriorly and laterally?Leave pelvis
    enter thick under the linguinal ligament
  88. 88Iliacus muscle Where does it arise from?Inner aspect of iliac blade
  89. 89What direction do the iliac muscle's fivers pass?Down and medially
    to meet those of psoas
    there is a groove at their junction
  90. 90What is the name for the resulting combined muscle?Iliopsoas muscle
  91. 91What does the iliopsoas muscle enter and where? What does the iliopsoas muscle converge with?Iliopsoas muscle enter thigh
    underthe lateral portion of inguinal ligament
    iliopsoas muscles converges w/ tendon that inserts into lesser trochanter of femur
  92. 92What are powerful flexors of the thigh? Where do they get their innervation from?Iliacus + psoas
    from L2-L3
  93. 93Quadratus LumborumPart of posterior ab wall
    just lateral to psoas muscle
  94. 94Where do the quadrates lumborum fibres arise form?Lower aspect of 12th rib
    and the tips of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
  95. 95Where do the fibbers of quadrates lumborum go?Down + laterally
    to insert into posterior aspect of iliac crest
  96. 96What sort of muscle is the quadratus lumborum?lateral flexor
    of the vertebral column
    in the lumbar region
  97. 97What runs over the surface of the quadrates lumborum ?Thin later of thoracolumbar fascia
    that surrounds erector spinae muscle
    continues anteriorly
    to run over quadratus lumborum
  98. 98Where does quadrates lumborum get its nerve supply from ?L2-L3
  99. 99What does this allow the psoas muscle and the quadrates lumborum to do?Move independently to the diaphragm
    which's medial and lateral arcuate ligaments
    pass over their anterior surface as far as L1-L2
  100. 100Crus What do they rise into? Where do their use form?Rise into diaphragm
    form vertebral bodies near midline
    L1-L2 on L
    L1-L3 on R
  101. 101What does the R crus do?Rises form diaphragm
    Curls round oesophagus opening at T10
    here, contributes to sphincter action of oesophagus
  102. 102What do L crus do? What does its fibres do?Pass up
    Fibres mingle w/ o/ muscular slips of diaphragm
    that arise from arcuate lines + lower ribs
  103. 103Median Arcuate Ligament What level? Where?Fibrous band binding crura together
    at T12
    across midline in front of aorta opening + behind diaphragm
  104. 104What nerves innervate all the skin and muscles of anterior ab wall?T7-11 Intercostal nerves
    T12 subcostal nerve
    L1 anterior primary ramus
  105. 105What take part in lumbar plexusVentral Rami L1-L4
  106. 106What is the lumbar plexus?Mixing of nerves in psoas muscle
  107. 107What is the most superior nerve across posterior ab wall?Subcostal nerve
  108. 108Where does the subcostla nerve arise?Behind diaphragm
    below 12th rib
  109. 109How does the subcostal nerve then pass?Beneath lateral arcuate ligament
    onto anterior surface of quadrates lumborum
    behind the kidney
  110. 110Then it passes? What is it able to do?Laterally off quadrates lumborum
    Pierce transversus abdominis
    + run into neuromuscular plane into rectus sheath
  111. 111Where does the subcostal nerve become subcutaneous?above pubic symphysis
  112. 112What does first lumbar ventral rams give off when in the psoas muscle?Collateral branches
  113. 113What does the iliohypogastric nerve pass out of? onto what? this nerve is the trunk and the ilioinguinal nerve is the collateral branch on pref cardout of psoas muscle
    onto anterior surface of quadrates lumborum
  114. 114When on the quadrates lumborum, then where does it pass? What can it do now?down and laterally off it
    above the iliac crest
    can now pierce transverses abdominis
    and continue into neuromuscular plane
  115. 115What does the iliohypogastric nerve end up doing?Not supplying recrus abdominis muscle
  116. 116What does the iliohypogastric nerve also pierce in the anterior ab wall?Internal oblique muscle
    external oblique aponeurosis
    (to supply skin, superior to pubic symphysis)
  117. 117Path of illioinguinal nerveOut of psoas muscle onto anterior quadrates lumborum
    below the iliohypogastric nerve
  118. 118What do both iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve do?Run behind kidney
  119. 119What happens to the ilioinguinal nerve as it runs further laterally?Passes onto iliac us muscle
    so it cannot get into neurovascualr plane
  120. 120When can the ilioinguinal nerve reach the neuromuscular plane?when it reaches the transverses abdominis muscles
    at the anterior superior iliac spine
  121. 121What does the ilioinguinal nerve is in the neuromuscular plane what does it supply?Transversus abdominis' lower fibres
    and internal oblique muscle fibre
  122. 122What does ilioinguinal nerve do like its main trunk?Pierces the internal oblique muscle
    so it lies between the in- and external oblique muscle
  123. 123Superficial ring What does the nerve do after it leaves the ring?What the ilioinguinal nerve leaves the inguinal canal through
    causing it to pierce the external spermatic fascia and become cutaneous here
  124. 124What is the ilioinguinal nerve sensory to?the root of the penis
    and scrotum's anterior aspect
    and adj part of the thigh
  125. 125What is genitofemoral nerve made up of?Nerve fibres from L1 +L2
  126. 126What does the genitofemoral nerve run out of? then where does it go?The psoas muscle's anterior surface
    onto lateral aspect of external iliac artery towards inguinal ligament
  127. 127What happens at the inguinal ligament?Nerve divides
    into femoral + genital branch
  128. 128Where does the genital branch go?Into deep inguinal ring
    to supply cremaster muscle
  129. 129Where does the femoral branch go? What does it pierce? What does this achieve?Under inguinal ligament on front of femoral artery
    pierces thigh fascia to supply skin on front of thigh below inguinal ligament
  130. 130What is the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh made of?Nerve fivers from L2 + L3
  131. 131Where does lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh pass out of? and then goes on to?psoas
    + onto ilicus muscle
  132. 132What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh do at the anterior superior iliac spine? Beneath what? What does this achieve?Pass out into the thigh
    beneath inguinal ligament
    to supply skin of the lateral aspect of the thigh
  133. 133What nerves are the femoral and obturator nerve formed from?L2 TO L4
  134. 134But what divisions is the femoral nerve formed from?dorsal divisions
  135. 135Obturator?anterior divisions of ventral rami
  136. 136What does the femoral nerve run in ? Then passes out into?Groove between iliac us + psoas muscle
    and passes out into the thigh under inguinal ligament
  137. 137Where does the obturator nerve appear?At medial border of psoas muscle
    @ level of sacroiliac joint
  138. 138What does the obturator nerve then do? lateral to?Run along the lateral wall of pelvis
    lateral to internal iliac artery
    + vein
    +ureter
  139. 139What does the obturator nerve leave the pelvis through? Where is it?Obturator foramen
    beneath superior pubic ramus
  140. 140What can be identified on an articulated pelvis?anterior superior iliac spine
    pubic tubercle
    pubic crest
    pectineal line
  141. 141What does the inguinal ligament run between?Anterior superior iliac spine + pubic tubercle
  142. 142What attaches onto pubic crest?Rectus abdominis muscle
    + laterally = conjoint tendon
  143. 143How does the pectineal line run ? to do what?Horzontally + laterally from crest
    to become continuous w/ true pelvis' margin
  144. 144What do the fibres of the inguinal ligament do? What does this form?Sweep back + horizontally from ligament + pubic tubercle
    to the pectineal line
    forming triangular lacunar ligament
  145. 145What is the free lateral margin of the lacunar ligament?crescent shaped
    medial boundary of femoral canal beneath the inguinal ligament
  146. 146How does the upper surface of the lacunar ligament lie when the pelvis is correctly oriented?Horizontally
    Acts as a floor to support the spermatic cord (as it passes out into scrotum)
  147. 147Pectineal ligamentis lacunar ligament band along the pectineal line
  148. 148wHERE DO THE GONADS FIRST DEVELOP?HIGH IN AB CAVITY
    in region of suprarenal glands
  149. 149What are the gonads and what do they do?retroperitoneal structures
    migrate down to:
    i) pelvis (ovary)
    ii) thru inguinal canal + into scrotum (testis)
  150. 150What do the gonads bring w/ them? what therefore happens?blood supply
    from aorta
    gonadal arteries reflex their migration path
  151. 151Gubernaculumguie / pull gonads along less resistant path
  152. 152Remnant of gubernaculum: in the form of what?ligament of ovary
    + round ligament of utuerus
    persists into adulthood in F
    in pelvis it runs thru inguinal canal to labia majora in F
  153. 153wHat happens as the gubernaculum draws the testis down?gabernaculum adheres to portion of peritoneum
    at entry of inguinal canal
  154. 154Vaginal processperitoneum pouch
    that precedes the testis thru anterior ab wall
    as it is pulled down into scrotum
  155. 155What happens to the middle of the vaginal process? what eventually buds off?elongates + narrows
    a peritoneum balloon @ distal end in the scrotum
  156. 156What happens to the rest of the vaginal process' elongated neck? ?degenerates => disappears
  157. 157Where is the retroperitoneal testis in relation to the vaginal process?behind it
    as it passes through the anterior ab wall
    therefore the testis press into the back of the balloon in the scrotum
  158. 158Tunica Vaginalisdouble layered serous lined sac
    covers anterior surface and sides of testis
  159. 159What does the tunic vaginalis allow?frictionless movement of testis in scrotum
  160. 160Hydroceletunic vaginalis
    fills w/ fluid
    in injury/ disease
  161. 161What does the testis carry with it into the scrotum?anterior ab wall layers
  162. 162What does it also draw with it?Testicular artery
    vas deferens duct
    nerve supply
    lymphatics
  163. 163What happens to the centrally situated structures? What do all these structures constitute?Become covered with sleeves of fascia
    derived from layers of anterior ab wall
    Spermatic cord
  164. 164Internal Spermatic Fasciainnermost layer of of the fascial sleeves around spermatic cord
    extension of transversals fascia
  165. 165Cremasteric muscle and fascia What is it derived from?Muscular layer
    intertwined with loose fascia
    internal oblique muscle
  166. 166External Spermatic fascia derived from?tough layer outside spermatic cord
    derived from external oblique aponeurosis
  167. 167What 4 things does the spermatic cord contain?- vas deferens
    - artery to vas deferens from vesicle artery
    -artery to bladder
    - artery to cremaster muscle from inferior epigastric artery
    - testicular artery to testis from aorta
  168. 168What does the cord also contain?Pampiniform plexus
    nerves
    lymphatics
  169. 169What may the pampiniform plexus act as?Heat exchanger
    cools arterial blood destined for the testis
    keeps @ optimum temp for spermatogenesis
  170. 170What happens at the superficial ring? What do they drain as?Venous plexus reduces to 3/so testicular veins
    that drain as one vein into:
    - inferior vena cava on R
    - renal vein on L
  171. 171What does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve that's associated with the spermatic cord enter? then is passes what? then is supplies ?genital branch of genitofemoral nerve enters depp ring
    passes thru inguinal canal
    supplies cremaster muscle
  172. 172Cremasteric ReflexStroke inner aspect of thigh
    causes testis to rise
    as cremaster muscle contracts
  173. 173What does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve carry?Sympathetic Fibres
    that travel onto scrotum's dartos muscle
  174. 174What do these sympathetic nerves travel as far as? along what?spermatic cord
    along blood vessels
  175. 175What is the dartos muscle? involved in?smooth muscle
    involved in temp regulation of testis
    by relaxing + contraction scrotum skin in response to heat + cold
  176. 176What does ilioinguinal nerve run over? What does it pierce? What does it enter?over iliacus muscle
    pierces transversus abdominis
    at anterior supeior iliac spine
    enter neurovascular plane
  177. 177What does the ilioinguinal nerve also pierce ?Internal Oblique muscle
    runs into inguinal canal
    between internal oblique muscle and the external oblique aponeurosis
  178. 178Where does the ilioinguinal nerve emerge? between?at the superficial ring
    between the same layers on the underside of spermatic cord
  179. 179What does the ilioinguinal nerve do here?Leave cord
    by piercing external spermatic fascia
  180. 180what is the ilioinguinal nerve sensory nerve to?penis root
    inner aspect of thigh
    skin of the scrotum anteriorly
  181. 181Where does the scrotum's lymphatics drain to? spermatic cord's lymph?inguinal nodes
    spermatic cord lymph drains to paraortic lymph nodes
  182. 182What is there as well as the vas deferens and lympahtics what is there at the level of the superficial inguinal ring?3 arteries
    3 veins
    3 nerves in the spermatic cord's 3 fascia layers
  183. 183What suspends the testis in the scrotum?Spermatic Cord
  184. 184What happenings to the 3 fascial coverings of the spermatic cord so that they cover the testis and tunica vaginalis?They are continued into the wall of the scrotum
  185. 185What is deep to the tunica vaginalis?Tough Tunica albuginae
    a fibrous covering of testis
    covers innermost layer of the tunica vasculosa
  186. 186What does the head of the epididymis form from?Efferent ductules
    passing from testis' lobules to testis' upper poles' anterior surface
  187. 187What is the epididymis? What portions is wound into?v. long thin duct
    wound into head, body and tail portion
    becomes continuous w/ larger vas deferens posteriorly @ testis' inferior pole
  188. 188What does the tunica vaginalis press in between? On which side of what? to form what?Epididymis + testis
    on lateral side of testis
    epididymis sinus
  189. 189What does the ductus deferens fell like? what does it initially run up? towards what?Feels hard (like whip cord)
    runs up epididymis back
    towards upper pole of testis
    then back through spermatic cord to testis upper pole
  190. 190Then back through what? to what? and then finally across?then back through the spermatic cord
    to pelvic cavity's side wall
    + finally across pelvic cavity's floor to reach prostate gland
  191. 191What are the testis like at birth?Already descend into scrotum
  192. 192At this time what is the path of the testis?through fascia transversalis
    transversus abdominis
    internal oblique
    external oblique
    is directly aligned front to back
    just lateral to pubic tubercle
  193. 193What happens to the opening of the transversalis fascia during growth?moves laterally nearer to anterior superior iliac spine
  194. 194Where does the opening through external oblique aponeurosis (or superficial ring) remain ?medially placed
    next to pubic tubercle
  195. 195What happens to the path of the spermatic cord under the transverses abdominis' lowermost fibres?moves to intermediate position
    between the deep + superficial rings
  196. 196What does the inguinal canal do in this way?it comes to run obliquely from lateral to medial
    through anterior ab wall
  197. 197What does this arrangement provide? what does it prevent?some strength to potentially weak area
    of anterior ab wall
    resisting displacement of structures from ab cavity thru inguinal canal
  198. 198Floor of inguinal canalis the gutter-like horizontal surface of lacunar ligament
  199. 199What is lateral to the superficial ring? what does this form?External oblique aponeurosis + part of internal oblique muscle origin lie in from of spermatic cord
    => inguinal canal's anterior wall
  200. 200What forms inguinal canal's posterior wall?Transversalis fascia + conjoint tendon
    lying behind spermatic cord
    + medial to deep ring
  201. 201What form roof of inguinal canal?internal oblique muscle arching fibres
  202. 202What is common in inguinal canal?Hernias
  203. 203Indirect Inguinal HerniaPeritoneum lining lining ab cavity enters deep ring + protrude thorugh inguinal canal
    out through superficial ring
    into scrotum
  204. 204wHAT IS THE INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA CONSIDERED to be?Congenital
  205. 205What may the sac of the hernia contain?Loop of bowel
    which can strangulate tight deep ring
  206. 206What sort of hernia is more usual in old age?Direct Inguinal Hernia
  207. 207Describe how a direct inguinal hernia occurs?Weakness and thinning of conjoint tendon
    hernia can bulge through tendon
    + through superficial ring + into scrotum
  208. 208Identifying what allows the origin of each type of hernia to be diagnosed?Pubic tubercle
    + position of inferior epigastric artery
  209. 209At operation, how does an indirect hernia pass? how about a direct hernia?Lateral to vessel
    direct hernia medial to inferior epigastric artery

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Flashcards on Abdominal Wall, created by jyghowes on 23/02/2015.
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