Flashcards
Horticulture final
Cards in this deck (81)
- 1DiseaseAny kind of injurious abnormality
- 2ParasiteAny organism that takes norishment from another living one
- 3HostAn organism that provides nourishment to another
- 4Oligate ParasiteA parasite that needs a host to survive
- 5Host RangeThe variety of host a parasite can live off of
- 6BacteriaOne celled, spreads irregualrly. Enters through wounds and causes root. Shape of infection varies widely. Produces ooze due to attacking pectain, going through the cell layer
- 7Bacteria InfectionMost commonly attacks through the vascular system. Can spread thorugh pours in leaf
- 8Fire BlightAttacks the Rosaceae family. Spread ours through vectors like insects(bees)and garden tools.
- 9Bacterial Treatment and and preventionClean all garden supplies used with bleach/ disinfectant. Prune infected areas, cleaning tools in between cuts. Using drip soaker instead in morning so water evaporates over the coarse of the day.
- 10Anti-bioticsLargely useable due to cost. Can only be applied through injection. No spray treatments. Treatment does not affect politators for the most part
- 11FungusMulti celled organism that living off of living or dead matter(sapophtypes). Spreads in a uniform circular pattern. Can move through cell walls.
- 12Cedar Apple RustUses different hosts for different life stages of the fungus. From juniper to crab apple. Rust color
- 13Fungus ControlClean tools and materials in bleach, rinse. Clean seeds before planting, do not refuse potting mix.
- 14FungicideCheap and acessible for use. Comes in broad specutrum which treats many varietes and more specific types. Gloves should be worn during all uses of chemicals. Also comes in surface, which affects the surfaces, and systemics which affect the entire plants
- 15Natural FungicideIncludes acidifiying elements like copper and sulfur, as well as neem oil. All are topical rather than systemic.
- 16Copper are fungicideCopper fungicides are not always organic.
- 17BiocontrolIncludes types of bacteria which attacks fungus. Includes bacillus amyloiqeufaciens.
- 18Topical Sythetic FungicdeCaptan and thiram. Thiram most be bought with a license.
- 19Sythetic Systmeic FungicideKills fungal infections throughout the plant.
kills existing fungicide, protects from future infections, can applied regardless of weather. - 20Powdery MildewPervasive outdoor fungus. Attacks the waxy cuticle but can fully infect the leaf in certain situations. Exteremly wide host range.
- 21Powdery Mildew PreventionMilk: too expesnive to be pratical. Preventive only.
Baking soda and horticultural oil: treats and prevents powdery mildew - 22VirusInfectious particles composed of nuclieic acids with a protein coat. In the plant cell, the protein coat comes off and the RNA uses the Plant cell to reproduce itself. Obligate parasite. Not alive by most bioligcal classficaitons. Needs vectors to survive
- 23Viral aflectinns.TMV: Attacks plants in the Solancaese family) S for smoker. Presents differently on different plant parts
- 24Ornamental plantsExtremely sucessitble to viral infection. However, virused tulips can be valuble and considered aestetically pleasing. Orchids are espically vulnerable to viruses
- 25Edibillty.Fungus no. Virus yes
- 26Virus ControlNo treatments. Only prevention. Can only be killed with bleach not alcohol.
- 27HerbicidesKiller of plants
Selective: Only target certain plants - 28AlleopathyThe prevetion of ones plants growth by another
- 29Translocated HerbcideAttacks the vascular system of the plant
- 30Residual herbicideLasts for long periods of time.
- 31Pest Life CycleJapanese Beetle: Grubs can kill turf grass, lives below ground.
- 32PhotosytheissCarbon dioxide and water converted into oxgen and sugars
- 33Photomorphogensisdevelopment of plant parts with light
- 34Etiolation (skotomorphogenesis)elongated shoots and lack of chlorophyll in the
absence of light - 35LightFor anthocyanin production (red pigments manufactured in fall in leaves of certain deciduous trees like sugar maples in autumn when you have warm/sunny days and cool
nights
Light creates heat (increases biochemical reactions in plants up to around 96F)
For translocation in plants (increases transpiration which increases water uptake in roots)
A sudden change from high to low light causes leaf abscission in certain plants (ie: Ficus
. Do not over-water a plant that has dropped it leaves or the roots will go
anaerobic (since there aren’t any leaves on the plant needing water, the water will sit in
the potting mix)
Provides energy - 36Light IntensityBrightness. often limits what plants can be grown indoors.
- 37AbessionThe dropping of leaves in response to a change in the amount of light they receive
- 38Foot candleThe method for measuring light in american coutries. One foot away from a reflected surface. Measures only visible light
- 39LuxThe meteric equivilant of foot candle. 11.2 lux = 1 foot candle.
- 40Ways to mesaure liightmeter. App
- 41Natural light vs. artificial lightNatural Light: provides full spectum light.
Ideal
Artfical: Red and blue light needed for ideal growth. Not full spectrum however - 42LEDLight emitting diodes. older ones are hard to be in the same room with. Energy efficent, low heat
Used in light charts frequently. White light is better for shared spaces - 43Combination lightsKeep lights close to plant while plants are kept near windows
- 44Window typesGlass/ or plastic.
Reflection: metallic glazing
Barriers : clean windows, any barriers reduce lights. including screens
Orenitation: north facing windows recieve much less light. Useful for adjusting light - 45Sunlight factorsLatitude: the further from the equator the more dichontainmous the light
Geography: annual cloud cove. atmospheric pollution, humidity, elevation. - 46Benefits of indoor lighhtIncrease light intesnity. Extend light hours.
- 47LIght QualitySpectrum of light produced: Balance of blue and red light
Wave lengths: Blue 430 nm
Red 670 nm
Refleciton: green light is reflected by - 48Increaseing Artifical lightCenter plants
Clean light tubes
Wash plants folliage - 49Natural vs Artifical FCFoot candle
Natural
Summer: up to 10,000 fc
Winter: 500-2,000 fc
Artfical
Office: 20-30fc
Living room : day 10-1,000
Night 5-10fc
Minium light needed 12 hours of 100 fc per day - 50Light ExcessesLeaf scorch
Decreases chrolophyll production
Sun burn
Occurs during winter
Prevention: Plant on north side or pun on barriers preventing light from coming from the southside - 51SIgn VS SyptomSymptom: something the plant experinces
SIgn: strucutres produced by the pest - 52Spreading Mechanismsx
- 53Pest Life cyclesImportant to know threat occurs
- 54Cultural Control of Pests & DiseasesRoguing: Killing diseased plants
Pruning: Removing diseased parts
Sanitation: Throwing away diseased plant remains
Exclusion: Screen over plants to prevent spread - 55RepellentsHot pepper wax spray
Garlic oil - 56Pesticides§ Killer of pests
§ Dusts
§ Sprays
§ Soil
§ Injectable
□ Highly expsnsive
Used to treat emerald ash boer - 57Topical insecitcideKiler of insects applied to surfaces
- 58Liquid insectidal soapPotassium salt and fatty acids
- 59PyrethrumCome from Chrsethemum. Only organic if purified
- 60Neem OilSystemic activty
Inhbits insect feeding and prevents insect reproduction
Organic but still potentially dangerous - 61SpinosadBacterial from a bermuda island. Topical only not systemic. Low danger to humans and pets but high danger to pets
- 62Rubbing alcoholKills soft bodied insects only
- 63Synthetic systemic insecticideschemical moves throughout the plant after being applied to the
potting soil/soil or foliage - 64Acephate, MalatoinNon-selective. Dangerous to humans and bees. Not as many problems as other synthetics
- 65Neoniconids.Highly dangerous to pets, only dangerous to humans in high doeses. Attacks the nerveous syste. § Derived from nicotine
§ Disrupt functions of the nerveous sytem
§ Low toxicty in small concentrations to humans
§ Highly toxic to honeybees
§ Advised only to use for household use
§ Mostly off market
§ Brand
□ Imdicloprid
§ Liquid or granular
Do not let near household pets - 66SeveinHighly toxic to people. Topical insectiside.
- 67BiocontrolUsing one living organism to control another.
Example: BT: bacteria which kills japanese beetles
Lady bugs: can just fly away
Praying mantis
Parasitic wasps: target specific species - 68Pest typesChewing: caterpillers
Sucking: aphids, styles, Mites, mealybugs, scales - 69Insect: life cycleEgg
Larvae (stage they feed the most)
Pupae
Adult (some feed also in this stage and others just reproduce) - 70AphidsGive birth to live young!
Can quickly become an “infestation” (an overwhelming number of pests in an area)
Produce honeydew
Protected by ants that consume the honeydew
Parasitized by wasps ( = biocontrol)
Controlled using liquid insecticidal soap, pyrethroids, neem oil - 71Mealybugs#1 indoor plant pest!
Produce honeydew
Protected by ants that consume the honeydew
Controlled using liquid insecticidal soap, pyrethroids, neem oil, rubbing alcohol (70%) - 72ScaleRasping mouth eats cells on the epidermis and sucks out their contents.
Very small insect pest.
Typically eats flowers
Leaves streaks/lines on the surface where they have been eating
Blue sticky traps work well
Controlled using liquid insecticidal soap, pyrethroids, neem oil, spinosad
Systemic synthetic insecticides (acephate, malathion, neonicotonoids, neem) - 73ThripsRasping mouth eats cells on the epidermis and sucks out their contents.
Very small insect pest.
Typically eats flowers
Leaves streaks/lines on the surface where they have been eating
Blue sticky traps work well
Controlled using liquid insecticidal soap, pyrethroids, neem oil, spinosad
Systemic synthetic insecticides (acephate, malathion, neonicotonoids, neem) - 74Fungus gnatsLarvae cause the damage to roots on plants by feeding on them
Control using yellow sticky traps
Biocontrol (using Bt or a potato piece to trap larvae)
Cultural control by allowing potting mix to dry between watering & not to overpot - 75NematodesFeed on roots (typically)
Affect plants in the Solanaceae (tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, etc.)
& other plant families as well (carrots)
Results in swelling of the roots and reduces their ability to absorb water and nutrients
Some can be found on/in foliage
Control nematodes but rotating crops in your garden with those not susceptible to their
damage. Avoid rototilling a garden if nematodes are a problem to avoid spreading them.
Plant selections that are resistant to nematode damage.
A soil drench using an extract from the Quillaja saponaria (soapbark) tree is effective
and an organic treatment. It will, however, also kill beneficial nematodes. - 76Slugs and snails The eat the foliage.Control
Iron phosphate (non-toxic to people and pets, contains essential plant nutrients)
Copper strips (repellent)
Diatomaceous earth (repellent)
Beer (or yeast) traps (attractant) that they drown i - 77Parasitic plantsDodder (contains carotenoids making the spaghetti-like stems orange in color but no
chlorophyll). It is an obligate parasite and requires a host plant to survive.
Mistletoe (does have chlorophyll but cannot complete its life cycle without a host. It is
an obligate hemi-parasite since it can produce some of its own food) - 78Rodents Mice/Voles/Moles Squirrels/Chipmunks Rabbits Groundhogs Damage to tree/shrub bark Specifically plants in the Rosaceae (roe family). Includes apples and crabapplControl methods:
Castor oil (repellent). While other ingredients are often included with this, Castor Oil is
the one that really works as the repellent.
Cats (biocontrol)
Black Rat and Garden snakes (biocontrol)
Exclusion using tree guards and wire cages around/over bulb - 79DeerHot pepper wax spray (repellent)
Putrid eggs (other ingredients include clove oil which helps to mask the stink) (repellent)
Predator pee (wolf, coyote, etc.) (repellent)
Irish Spring soap (repellent)
Human hair (repellent)
Motion sensor activated floodlights (repellent)
Deer fencing (exclusion) – should be 10feet tall or installed on an angle. - 80AlleopathyInhbiton of one plants growth by another
- 81—
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- Flashcards on Horticulture final , created by Jake P on 15/12/2021.
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