Flashcards
Fats 1
Cards in this deck (38)
- 1What is Lipids composed ofCarbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
9 calories per 1g - 2Uses of Lipids 5p1. Source of stored energy for use in the future
2. Insulate the body to maintain normal body temperature
3. Cushion internal organs for protection
4. Produce hormones for the body called steroids
5. Waterproof surface of animals, plants and fruits (waxes) layer of cholesterol - 3Key Roles of fats in the body 6p1. Fuel
• 9 calories for 1 g
• can be stored away for later use
2. Insulation
• Storage fat
3. Membrane Components
• Phospholipids
4. Brain Components
• Made up of minimum 60% fat
5. Hormones
• creation of steroid hormones dependent on fat
6. Body Signaling
• creation of higher levels of acetylcholine - 4How do Lipids occur in the body 4p• Adipose tissue
• subcutaneous fat (under the skin)
• Intramuscular fat (woven through muscles)
• Lipids also occur as triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and eicosanoids - 5Structure of fatty acids 3pmethyl group + carbon chain + acid
group
• Methyl group = also known as the omega end
• Chain length - variable - 2-24 carbons
• Carboxyl Group - water soluble end
- 6How many bonds saturated mono-unsaturated poly-unsaturatedSaturated fatty acids
• no double bonds
Monounsaturated fatty acids
• 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
• more than one double bond - 7What are double bonds 4p• formed when carbon links to its
neighbouring carbon twice instead
of to a hydrogen atom
• result in bend in molecule = fluidity
• are highly reactive
• easily damaged by heat, light, exposure
to air - 8—a = number of carbons in the chain
b = number of double bonds (not including the COOH)
c = the carbon number at which the first
double bond starts (preceded by
“w” which stands for omega)
- 93 ways of naming fatty acids1. Nickname
• whatever discoverer calls it
• e.g. butyric acid, palmitic acid
2. Proper name
• determined by scientists using a standard
naming protocol
e.g. eicosapentaenoic acid
3. Structural formula
• drawn structure showing atoms/molecules
Shorthand name
• specific protocol - 10Draw saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid
- 11saturated fatty acids name, number of carbons, examples 3ponly medium-chain triglyceride oils that are man-made, medium-chain saturated fatty acids (but also naturally found - caprylic and lauric acid) ● Coconut Oil, (+60%) Palm Oil (+50%) Dairy (+10%)
- 12unsaturated fatty acids name, number of carbons, examples 7p• Linoleic Acid (18:3 w6) • Alpha Linolenic Acid (18:2 w3)
- 13nicknames of fatty acids 5p● Butyric acid - butter
● Caprylic Acid - goats
● Oleic Acid - olives
● Linoleic and Linolenic - flax (in latin)
● Palmitic Acid - palm - 14• Proper names 6p● oic - fatty acid
● hexadeca = # of carbons
● (16)
● en = double bond
● w - where in the chain the double bonds are located
● cis - both hydrogen atoms atoms on the carbon involved are on the same side of the molecule - 15what are the main types of lipid molecules 3p• Triglycerides (main transport mechanism for FATS*)
• Phospholipids
• Sterols - 16what are Triglycerides 9p1. glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids
2. fatty acids composition will vary and is dictated
by composition of food eaten
3. main transport mechanism for fats
4. storage form of fat from excess glucose
5. insulation, transition, fasting
6. converted to energy as needed
7. store emergency brain fuel
8. Reserves of EFA’s
9. Glycerol : short chain carbohydrate - can be converted into glucose
- 17what are Phospholipids 6p1. glycerol molecule (backbone) + 2 fatty acids
+ phosphate group
2. fatty acid composition usually:
– 1 saturated fatty acid
+ 1 unsaturated fatty acid
3. composition :
● makes one end HYDROPHOBIC
● makes one end HYDROPHILIC
4. main role is as part of cell membranes
5. role in selective passage of substances moving through cell wall
6. Brain Structure : fatty acid chains will differ depending on where we find them in the body!
- 18What are Sterols 6p1. carbon ring structure
2. Subclass of steroids - alcohol group attached
3. Found naturally in plants, animals and fungi
4. main sterol in the body is cholesterol
5. precursor to bile
6. precursor to sex hormones and stress hormones
- 19What is Cholesterol 4p1. Most abundant sterol in the body
2. Produced in the body (approximately 70%)
3. Also found in food (saturated fat)
4. Synthesis :
● liver
● intestines
● adrenal cortex
● reproductive tissues - 20Fat digestion/ absorption1. Mouth
Action: separation of fats/lipids from food
By: chewing, lingual lipase
2. Stomach
Action: separation of fats/lipids from food
By: hydrochloric acid and gastric lipase
3. Small intestine
Action: emulsification of fats to smaller
globules
By: bile
Action: triglycerides broken down to
diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty
acids
4. Then: diglycerides and monoglycerides
broken down to free fatty acids, and
glycerol
By: pancreatic lipase
5. Then: absorbed by microvilli cells
Then
6. short-chain fatty acids
(less than 12 carbons):
• released into bloodstream
• travel to the liver
7. long-chain fatty acids, diglycerides,
monoglycerides:
• converted into triglycerides packed into
chylomicrons
8. chylomicrons released into lymphatic
system
9. travel to the liver, then bloodstream - 21what are short chain saturated fatty acids? 3p 1 ex.• readily burned as fuel
-raise metabolic
rate
-easy to digest
- Butyric acid (4:0) found in butter, dairy, animal products and anaerobic fermentation - can feed friendly gut bacteria - 22what are medium-chain saturated fatty acids? 4p 2 ex.• 6-12 carbons in length
• Found Naturally in Coconut and Palm, goats, human breast milk, butter
• Body metabolizes MC SFAs the same way we metabolize short chain
• Major source of energy
• Caprylic acid (8:0) - inhibits growth of candida and yeast cells in our intestines
• Lauric acid (12:0) - antiviral, antimicrobial properties - 23what are long-chain saturated fatty acids? 4p 2 ex• long-term fuel storage
• help maintain blood-sugar levels
• needed for transport of unsaturated
fatty acids (as part of TGs)
• can cause problems in excess
• Stearic Acid (18:0)
• Palmitic Acid (16:0) - 24what do mono-unsaturated fats do? 5p 1ex• fluid due to minor negative charges
• help keep arteries flexible
• help lubricate skin
• shown to:
• improve brain function
• positively affect cholesterol levels
-• Oleic Acid (18:1 w9) - 25what are Essential fatty acids:? 4pEssential fatty acids:
• do not get stored as fat
• important part of cell membranes
• increase membrane fluidity
• don’t aggregate - 26what are the Key roles of EFAs in the body 8p• facilitate oxygen transfer into cells
• hemoglobin production
• cell membrane components
• recovery from fatigue
• increases conversion of lactic acid
to water and carbon dioxide
• cell division
• part of DNA
• prostaglandins – short-lived
hormone-like factors
regulate “fight or flight” and
“rest and digest” response
in the body - 27what is cholesterol? 1p what are its sources? 3p how is it transported? 2p1.Cholesterol:
Most abundant sterol in the body
• hard, waxy lipid
2.Sources:
• produced in body (approximately 70%)
• also found in food (saturated fat animal source foods)
• the less cholesterol we eat, the more we
make and vice versa
3.Cholesterol transport:
• circulated in the bloodstream in
complexes called “lipoproteins”
• removed from the body as component
of bile – if enough dietary fibre - 28what is cholesterol synthesis? 2pCholesterol synthesis
• made by virtually all cells of the body
• mostly from:
• liver
• intestine
• adrenal cortex
• reproductive tissues - 29what are the roles of cholesterol? 4pRoles of cholesterol:
1. cell membrane integrity
• protection from toxins etc.
• prevent cell dehydration
-creates structures in the cell membrane to prevent maor changes
2. component of bile
3. precursor for steroid hormones
• estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
• aldosterone
• cortisol
4. precursor for vitamin D, which:
• increases Ca uptake, utilization, retention
• has anticancer properties
• is important for healthy immunity
• is important for mental health - 30what are lipoproteins? 2p what are lipoproteins made of? 3p how are lipoproteins transported? 3p1. Lipoproteins:
• transport molecules
• made by the body
2. Lipoproteins are made of:
• phospholipids (mostly lecithin)
• proteins
• cholesterol
3. Lipoproteins transport:
• cholesterol
• triglycerides
• fat-soluble vitamins - 31what is Phosphatidylcholine 7p1. Phosphatidylcholine = Phosphate + FAs + Choline
(consists of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, a phosphate group, and a choline molecule.)
2. maintaining the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes
3. necessary for the production of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter involved in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, memory, and cognitive function)
4. Main Source is Lecithin : Egg Yolks, Soy, Commercial Supplement
5. keeps arterial lining clear of cholesterol (Transport of Lipids: Phosphatidylcholine is involved in lipid transport within the body. It is a major component of lipoproteins, such as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which transport cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream.)
6. emulsifies fat - keeps cholesterol soluble in the body
7. component of bile
● *NOT an essential nutrient : why? - 32what are Lipoproteins? 1p what is their role? 1p1. • made in the body out of :
● phospholipids (mostly lecithin)
● proteins
● cholesterol
2. • Their duty is to transport hydrophobic fats/transport molecules
● cholesterol
● triglycerides
● fat-soluble vitamins - 33Chylomicron 6p1. origin: Intestine
2. released into lymphatic system
3. • responsible for the transportation of all dietary lipids into circulation
4. composition: triglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol
5. • Acted upon by lipoprotein lipase - to break down contents of Chyl.
6. Chylomicron remnant - 34VLDL Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) 5p1. made in the Liver
2. sent into circulation
3. composition: triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids,
4. Reacts with HDL to send FFAs to muscle tissue and adipocytes
5. can return to liver, deliver cholesterol to adrenal cortex - 35Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) 6p1. Converted from VLDL
2. contains mostly Cholesterol and Cholesterol Esters
3. Delivers cholesterol to reproductive organs, adrenal cortex • 30-40%
4. 60% goes back to liver
5. dismantled in the liver and tissue cells 6. known as the “bad” cholesterol - if LDL is in circulation too long, oxidation can occur and inflammatory response ensues - 36HDL High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) 4p1. Matures in various areas around the body, enterocytes and liver
2. Initially Cholesterol-free
3. “collect” cholesterol from peripheral tissue, other lipoproteins (("good" cholesterol)
4. gives its cholesterol to steroidogenic cells, VLDL and liver - 37—
- 38Lipoproteins Where do they go?
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- Bachelor Holistic Nutrtion Flashcards on Fats 1, created by A K on 17/05/2024.
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