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Flashcards

cognition-decison making

joleen.schmidt English 66 cards

Cards in this deck (66)

  1. 1decision makingchoosing between SET OF OPTIONS
  2. 2PROBLEM SOLVINGIN DECISION MAKING WE AREN'T ALWAYS PRESENTED WITH A LIST OF OPTIONS TO DECIDE BETWEEN..IN PROBLEM SOLVING WE NEED TO CREATE THESE OPTIONS
  3. 3General Problem Solving Methodsproblem solving you work towards
    a goal
    1.initial state
    2. goal state
    3.operators
    4.path constraint
  4. 4define the problem solving methods of IGOPINITIAL STATE: KNOWLEDGE AND RESOURCES U AREDI HAVE
    GOAL STATE: what u is working toward
    oPERATORS: tools and actions that u can use to change your current state
    Path Constaints:limitations on wat actions and moves, and tools u can use to acheive the goal state
    iNITIAL STATE: the tools and knowledge u alredi have,xp with MC
    goal state: a good grage in 2h03
    Operators: study notes, cue cards, study hard
    Path Constraints: lack of time to study, being tired,
  5. 5what is the tower of hanoi an example of ?problem solving methods IGOP
  6. 6another form of problem solving in the problem space?brute force method
    -lay out every possible solution, or problem space like a flow chart
    -takes a long time
    -problem space=initial state to goal state
  7. 7in problem solving it is best to use ?n y?problem solving heuristics -they can help narrow your search through the problem space (all the potensial steps to reach goal)
  8. 8what are some exampes of problem solving heuristics?HMW
    HILL CLIMING
    MEANS END ANALYSIS
    WORKING BACKWARDS
  9. 9hILL CLIMBING STRATEGYALWAYS GO UPHILL
    ALWAYS MOVE TOWARD GOAL
    PROBLEM IS THAT SOMETIMES IT IS BETTER TO GO BACWARDS OR TAKE ANOTHER ROUTE OTHER THAN JUST KEEP GOING
    i.e when studying for cognition, not about just baming through every topic in course, soometimes it is best to quiz self and go back and rethink soemthing just ocvered, leads to beter memory
  10. 10means endwhat is the difference between my current state and my goal state
    -look at how can use operators to solve problems
    -break overall goal into more easier to solve subpoblems
    -each with its own more easyily solvable goal
    -how can the difference bewtween my current state and goal state b reduced with the opertors i have avail lol
  11. 11working backwardsstart at goal and work backwards from there
    -solving mazes bckwards
    -oly helpful when the #of directions backwards is small!! c/p to aaaall the options form the intial state
  12. 12wHAT THE WAYS TO SOLVE PROBLEMShILL CLIMIBING HEURISTIC
    MEANS END ANALYSIS
    WORKING BACKWARD HEURISTIC
    MENTAL IMAGERY
    Analogy
    expertise
    HMWMAE
    OR HEMWAM
  13. 13MENTAL IMAGERYMakes it clearer
    limited by PERCEPTUAL REFERENCE FRAME -DUCK RABIT, perceptions limit what u actully see
    -solve this, pputting the image on paper helps, drawing removes the proble of the pperceptual reference frame
  14. 14analogyanalogies allow people to solve by looking at the deeper structure rather than the surface structure
    -require mapping, need to be able to remember certain instances...better to c/p n understnd than memorize
  15. 15what are the experiments that showed benefit of analogy1.tomour
    2. memorize how to solve equations vs. understanding how to solve o shwo people
    1. % of participant able to solve problem solved best when given analogy with suggestion that it will help vs.analogy wih no suggestion tht will help vs. o anal
  16. 16the second experiemt with problem solving with analogiesthe math problem quations
    -some told that would need to memorize for laterothers told need touderstnd ...the ones told to undersand were right 90% of the time compared to memorizers
  17. 17expertiseexperts are better at attending to deep struture, chunking and using analogies
    -being an expertise akes the load off of working emory, leaving more power for problem solving
    -more likely to identify subporblems n can make subgoals (means end)
    -irrelevnt details dont bother them
    - takes 10 years...to develope enuf exemplars
    -more info
    -different information
    -more cross referenced iinfo (more connections between all nfo in memory) b
  18. 18what are some limits o expertise-more likely to make intrusion errors based on memory(assumptions based on prior knowledge)
    -no better than novice's when dont recognize a problem
    -not good with the details but good with the overall gist or problem
    -no better than novices at things outside their own feilds
    -
  19. 19what is a well defined problemthe goal states and the operators are clearly defined (tower of hanoi) this is where u need to end up, here is the rules
  20. 20what is an ill defined problemthe goal state and the operators are not clearly defined
  21. 21what can help make and ill defined problem more clear?adding assumptions and contraintss
  22. 22what makes problem solving SO hard?!functional fixedness
    the problem set-einstellung
  23. 23Functional fixidnesstndancy to get stuck in a rigid form of thinking about the functioning of an object and our inability to escape from that
  24. 24problem solving setlike a heuristic, its faster and narrows the problem set, but in doing so we may lose out on the best options, or most worthwhile strategies
  25. 25problem soving set-einstellug (attitudes)beleifs habits, stratgies used to solve the problem, trying to solve the problem the same way, if it doesnt work the first tim, y would it keep working lol
  26. 26an examle of problem solving set and einstelllungthe water jug pproblem
    participa ts asked to solve many water jug problems and all the diffrent ones can be solved using the same strategy
    - but when given a different one, cannot see a way to solve problem, cant escape previous mode of thinking
  27. 27what makes a creative thinker-divergent thinkers (how many uses for a brick), able to fnd connections between things other cnt
  28. 28what are wallas's stages of creative thotPreparation
    Incubation
    Illumination
    Verification
    PIIV
  29. 29wHAT HAPPENS IN Preparationinfo gatheirng, getting all operator in order to solve problem ..background knowledge on something etc
  30. 30Incubationconscious break (but unconscious mind is still working)
  31. 31Illuminationinisght emerges
  32. 32verificationworkout details, confrim idea or insights, and solve the problem
  33. 33what is incubation relly aboout?about breaking away from uhelpful strageies so new ones can emerges (breaking from functional fixidness or problem solviing set) unconscious mind keep workin on it while conscious mind breaks
  34. 34evidence for effect of incbation1. weird square things, some particpants were given misleading cues and some weren't ...and some with misleading cues were given a delay or break and others weren't ..the ones with the delay showed tht they forgot some of the misleading cues and were better able to solve probem
    2. mind wandering exeriment
    (schooler)
    did really well with udemanding tasks
  35. 35insight -ahaoftne requires u o see problems in a novel or simpler way
    can lead to aha moments
    -gradual, then sudden aha moment
    -warmth rediction are higher for inncorrect tings, still lead to period of illumintion ...gradual n then shoots right up
  36. 36inisight and time of daywe have optimal times of day, different for each person, whether morning or night person
    -we r more cretive at non-optimal times of day
    but if we want to be more analyic best to do it at optimal time of day
  37. 37whats the difference between typical and exxcpetionally creative individualstraits
    1. kowledge and skill in the domai
    2. personality traits
    3. motivated by the pleasur eof the work
    4. a conducive, social, historical, culteral context
    DIFF = PEOPLE WHO HAVE SOME OF THESE TRAITS AND THOSE WHO HAVE SOME
  38. 38WHEN SOLVING ANALYTIC PROBLEMS..THE LINE ISIS SRAIGHTBETTER IDEA F WHEN GETTING CLOSE
  39. 39ARE AHA MOMENS SPECIAL ?no!!!!!!!!!!!!! BECAUSE HAVE THEM FOR BOTH WRONG N RIGHT ANSWERS
  40. 40WHAT IS THE CONROVERSY OF MEASURING INTELLIGENCE?-TEST SCORES FOR THINGS improve with instruction
    - these testss only measure a sppecific skill set..not god with everything else
    -tests may b culterally biased
  41. 41how is iq measured ?standford-binet test=mental age/chronological age x100
  42. 42reliabilityhow consistant is a measure on tests, and retests
  43. 43vlidityis it actually measuring what its measuring for? is i predictive
  44. 44what is generalized intelligenceone whole measure of intelligence
  45. 45what does general intelligence (g) refer to?1.linguistic intelligence
    2. nummerical ability
    3. spatial ability
    specialized abilities are subcoments of hese)
    SNL-
  46. 46WHAT IS G?SOME think WMC
    - measure of executive control
    - abil to avoid distraction
    -abil to monitor your own thot processes
    -ravens progressive matrices, pictures, whats the next pattern
    -thot to b fluid intelligence not crystalized intelligence
  47. 47what is fluid intelligncethe ability to deal with new and novel problems
    -decreases with age
  48. 48what is crystalized ntelligence-improves as u age because u have seen this before, it's acquired knowledge including verbal tngs, and experience ..i.e. get better with boy relationships etc
  49. 49specialized ntelligencesome evidence for sppatial ability
    -on subtest for different things do better n some aras than others, and sometimes if do ell on some subtests, do well on other subtests too
    -specialized=each measure of intelligence i seperate
  50. 50what is sternbergs triachtic theory of iintelligencePAC
    PRACTICAL-Problem solving in realworld situations
    ANALYTIC-general intelligence
    CREATIVE-bil to reason using novel concepts
  51. 51Gardiner's theory of multiple intelligences1.Naturlistic
    2. linguistic
    3.logical-mathematical
    4.spacial
    5.bodily kinethsteic
    6. musical
    7.interpersonal
    8.intrapersonal
  52. 52naturalisticnature smart (vets and farmers)
  53. 53linguisticknowledge of words...good with wording ..writing etc arguments...lawyers, english teachers
  54. 54logical mathematicalgood with math...number smart
  55. 55spatialpicture smart
  56. 56bodily kinestheticknowledge of the body
    -awareness of own body...athletes etc
  57. 57musicalgood at music tings
  58. 58interpersonalgood with people
  59. 59intrapersonalgood knowledge of self
  60. 60what effects intelligencegenes
    enviro
    gene-enviro interactions
    group differences
    -grp diff related to enviro fact
    -socioeconimics
    -stereotypes threats
    -social factors-eperiences, expecations, gender roles
  61. 61geneticsas genetic similarity drops, so does intelligence similarity
  62. 62enviroiq similarity is closer to kids raised closer in ages...due to similr enviro..parenting strategies may still be similar ..2 ys apart vs.5 years apart (genetic sim=same in both cases)
    -improving ones eviro ca iincrease iq-evidence from iq tests pre adoption n post adoption, the longer u r in an impoverished enviro the lower the iq !
  63. 63what is the flynn effectstudies ave found tht all over world, even in impoverished countries, iq is increasing..o at least in fluid intelligence
    -increasing by like 3 points each decade! happening to fast to b gentic!
    -may b due to our complex world with technology which is always chnging n we need to b good at changing to keep up
  64. 64what do genes really do?they determine your potensial iq, if the environnment is favourable
  65. 65men and womenmen are not smarter than woman
    -do better on tests, but greater variability between scores, not muh in middle, a lot who do well n alot who do poorly, whereas as women =in the middle
    men=spatial navigational
    women=verbal n writing
  66. 66white n black americanswhites people score better than black...mainly due to socio-economical differences

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Flashcards on cognition-decison making , created by joleen.schmidt on 15/12/2013.
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