Flashcards
Retinal Disease
Cards in this deck (19)
- 1What type of visual loss is caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?Progressive central visual loss
- 2What are the risk factors for AMD?Age
Smoking
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolaemia
UV exposure - 3What are the features of dry AMD?Characterised by drusen - yellow round spots in Bruch's membrane
Gradual deterioration of VA
Central scotoma
Focal RPE hyperpigmentation
RPE (geographic) atrophy in advanced AMD - 4What are the features of wet AMD?Characterised by choroidal neovascularisation
Rapid vision loss and development of scotomas
Metamorphosia (distortion of vision)
Degeneration and localised detachment of RPE
Fibrous scarring (end-stage) - 5Investigations for age-related macular degenerationOptical coherence tomography: provide cross-sectional views of the macula
Fluorescein angiography if neovascularisation is present - 6Management of age-related macular degenerationGeneral - refer for opthalmological assessment within a week, stop smoking, high dose of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and zinc
Dry - no treatments
Wet:
- photocoagulation
- photodynamic therapy
- anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments: intravitreal ranibizumab - 7What signs are seen in mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?1 or more microaneurysm
- 8What signs are seen in moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?Microaneurysms
Blot haemorrhages
Hard exudates
Cotton wool spots, venous beading/looping and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) less severe than in severe NPDR - 9What signs are seen in severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?Blot haemorrhages and microaneurysms in 4 quadrants
Venous beading in at least 2 quadrants
IRMA in at least 1 quadrant - 10Proliferative DRRetinal neovascularisation - may lead to vitrous haemorrhage
Fibrous tissue forming anterior to retinal disc
More common in Type I DM, 50% blind in 5 years - 11What are the complications of proliferative DR?Vitreous haemorrhage
Rubeotic glaucoma
Retinal fibrosis -> tractional retinal detachment - 12Diabetic maculopathyBased on location rather than severity
Anything is potentially serious
Hard exudates and other 'background' Changes on macula
Check visual acuity
More common in Type II DM - 13Diabetic maculopathy: FocalLeakage from capillaries in one part of the macula
Leads to retinal thickening and surrounding exudates
(circinates) - 14Diabetic maculopathy: DiffuseDiffuse retinal oedema from dilated capillaries, may be associated with haemorrhages but rarely exudates
- 15Diabetic maculopathy: IschaemicClosure of foveal capillary networks
->
Diffuse oedema and dark haemorrhage
Confirm with flourescein angiography - 16Management of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathyControl of diabetes and risk factors
Pan-retinal photocoagulation in PDR
Focal/grid photocoagulation in maculopathy
Anti-VEGF agents in combination with photocoagulation for maculopathy
Vitrectomy if persistent vitreous haemorrhage - 17What does this show?Retinitis pigmentosa
- 18What are the features of retinitis pigmentosa?Night blindness
Tunnel vision
Fundoscopy: black bone spicule-shaped pigmentation in the peripheral retina - 19What does this show?Proliferative retinopathy
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- Specials (Opthalmology) Flashcards on Retinal Disease, created by Liam Musselbrook on 19/12/2016.
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- Liam Musselbrook
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