13903201
Description
Flashcards by Aleksandra Biskup, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Aleksandra Biskup
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Feudalism Definition | A system whereby a person receives land from one of superior rank (the liege lord) in return for a promise of loyalty and military support |
| Feudalism Examples | ~ Personal loyalties, class distinction, and granting of land rights ~ Different social classes had certain rights or duties to one another |
| Result of Feudalism | Division into tight social groups |
| Feudalism and the Economy | ~ Based on the selling of crops ~ Self-sufficiency with little surplus, money or trade ~ The village formed a tight economic unit, little contact between villages |
| Feudalism - Basic Social Unit | Clans of the related people live in the village and pay tribute eg. contributions such as goods or soldiers but also respect, would be paid to the head of the clan (local lord) |
| Emperor Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasants Merchants | |
| Emperor | ~ The sacred nominal (divinity in name only), head of state ~ Lived in seclusion in the imperial capital (Kyoto), courtly life ~ Considered a 'God' in subjects eyes ~ Lost most of ancient ruling power (no political power) ~ Centre of loyalty |
| Shogun | ~ The most powerful daimyo ~ Ruler of Japan as a whole - officially (had to!) by the Emperor (You couldn't replace 'God' ~ A hereditary position (family) ~ The Shogun's capital was Edo (Toyko) ~ Military Government General ~ Had support of noble class |
| Daimyo | ~ Feudal military chiefs or feudal lords (feuds are territories) ~ Swore allegiance to Shogun ~ Responsible for large areas of Japan ~ Broken into Fudai and Tozama ~ Had own samurai ~ Controlled Han |
| Fudai | Family connections to Shogun and trusted by Shogun |
| Tozama | Untrustworthy, fought on opposite sides |
| Samurai | ~ Professional warriors ~ Personally loyal to their Daimyo - they protected his land and paid in rice ~ Followed Bushido Code ~ Enjoyed high status in society, if disrespected able to cut off head ~ Had obligations - owed respect ~ Given land rights |
| Seppuku | The solemn ceremony of suicide; wives and daughters prepared to kill themselves rather than be shamed |
| Bushido Code | "loyalty, bravery, honour" |
| Peasants | ~ Most of Japanese population - worked farmland ~ Legally bound to land and lord (samurai/daimyo) as serf, couldn't move as they please ~ Grew mainly rice and heavily taxed (fix bridge, made weapons) ~ Peasant uprisings occurred (part of the crop to daimyo) ~ Provide services, given protection |
| Merchants not nobel - parasites | ~ Engaged in trade and money lending ~ Wealthy but lacked status - married into samurai for social mobility (good deal) ~ "Unproductive class" |
| Han | A local government (like province or prefecture) in the Edo period |
| Mid 16th Century Shogun | Lost control as small states were constantly at war - no strong central government |
| Oda Nubunaga | ~ Restarted process of reunification of at least half of Japan ~ Made dominant figure by equipping soldiers with muskets brought from European Merchants ~ Began Shogun process |
| Battle of Sekighara | 1600's - Ieyasu defeated rivals (wanted all the power) |
| 1616 | Ieyasu granted the title of 'Shogun,' eliminate opposition, claim the title |
| Tokugawa Family | ~ Govern 250 years ~ Ruled directly over a quarter of Japan (Shimpan) ~ Indirectly over Japan (Daimyo) ~ Divided enemies skillfully so they wouldn't attack |
| Bakufu | Centralised Military Government ~ Japan unified under strong Shogun ~ Edo, centralised and military ~ 2 premises |
| Sankin Kotai | Alternative attendance - Hostage system |
| 5 Steps to Order and Unity | 1. Daimyo required/forced to live in Edo every second year 2. Wives and children of daimyo required to live in Edo 3. Forbode daimyo to repair castles without the Shogun's permission 4. No daimyo marriages allowed without the Shogun's permission 5. Rigid social order with strict moral code - social pyramid |
| Shogunate | Bakufu (military government) - King with his kingdom |
| The Polo's - Zipangu 1295 | ~ Returned to Italy with glowing reports of Cathay (China, tales of an island) ~ Marco Polo and other relatives ~ Nicollo first to write of Japan ~ Inspired other explorers to discover |
| Portuguese | ~ 1543, traders of Macao, driven off course ~ Gun's brought by local daimyo (Oda Nubunaga) ~ Japanese fascinated ~ "strangers" and "peculiar" |
| Age of Exploration | "Glory, Gospel, Gold" |
| 1549 Francis Xavier and Jesuit Missionaries | ~ Travelled with traders ~ Allowed to begin preaching and converting ~ 1549 - Catholic missionaries establish; in conflict people are predisposed to conversion |
| Oda Nubunaga Religious Beliefs | Hostile to Buddhism; gave Christain support |
| Spanish | 1590's Franciscans and Dominicans friars arrive (renowned for teachings) |
| Dutch | 1609 - influence lasted for centuries Get privileged position - Protestant |
| Rangaku | Dutch Learning |
| English | 1613 - 10 years UNSUCCESSFUL |
| Increased Trade Links | Became more aware of new weapons (eg. the Smoothbore musket) - caused disequilibrium in Japan |
| Disequilibrium in Japan | Traditional Order Samurai warfare (sword to sword) Europeans seen as a threat |
| Toyotomi Hideyoshi | Didn't favour Portuguese or Christianity - Christianity hostile to laws and traditions |
| 1587 Edict | All Jesuit missionaries given 6 months grace (find ships) to leave Japan on pain of death |
| 1587 Edict Consequences | No action undertaken, secretly carried out their mission |
| 1592 Rival Franciscan Friars from the Philippines | Pope allowed non-Jesuit orders to preach |
| Franciscans | Great display of religion, defiance angered Hideyoshi |
| February 1597 | Death of 26 Christians by crucifixion - Christain Church still grew |
| Chinese and Japanese Thinking "Asia-centred" | Confident in the superiority of their societies |
| China | Chinese believed that China was the centre of the world ( superior) and there was no need to absorb (refused) any inferior Western teachings |
| "Euro-centric" Europeans | ATAVISTIC "Barbarians" "Glory, Gospel, Gold" - expense of others |
| Atavistic | Related to the primitive desire to dominate others |
| Edicts | Laws of the lands; command from someone of authority (Tokugawa's) |
| 1612 and 1613 Edicts | Prohibited Christianity to the Japanese population - approx. 300,000 converts Didn't throw Christians out |
| 1614 Edict | ~ Foreign priests to leave Japan ~ Christain churches demolished ~ Christians to renounce faith in Christ ~ Removal of external threat ~ Christians clashed with culture ~ Loyal to Pope |
| 1613 to 1626 | Ieyasu son, Hidetada, began persecuting Christians - executions approx. 750 |
| Isolation of Japan "Bamboo Curtain" | Shogun isolated Japan almost entirely with the exception of some Dutch merchants, Chinese - NO FOREIGNERS - no Japanese could leave or return |
| Edict 1636 | Shakoku - closed country |
| Rangaku | Scholars learnt about the West and questioned the legality of Bakufu government |
| Long Period of Peace | Samurai didn't have traditional duties, trade and production grew, social pyramid changed |
| Trade and Production within Japan was growing | ~Merchant class richer and important (remained without status), samurai power ~ Cities based on textiles and industry grew |
| The Shimbara Rebellion REASONS | Christain persecution climax City Shimbara revolted; Christian peasants overtaxed, oppressed |
| 1627 Shimbara Rebellion | 5 months fought ban of Christianity Crushed April 1638 - 38,000 dead |
| Portuguese Departure | Blamed for Rebellion - Banned to Japan 1639 |
| Isolation Period | Until 1853 - Chinese trade permitted |
| 1640 | Portuguese vessel landed; 13 executed |
| 1641 | Dutch only Europeans left - one vessel per year |
| Commodore Perry | 1853 - American |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun | Claimed title of Shogun in 1603 - ruled over 250 years |
| Life Under the Tokugawa's | Japan cut off from agriculture, industrial, scientific changes - regulated system |
| The Decline of the Samurai's | ~ Life of inactivity, no military service - became writers and scholars ~ Served lords, daimyo couldn't pay them ~ Join Ronin ~ Forced to borrow from the merchant class |
| Ronin | Without lords |
| Growth of Trade | Expansion of trade and commerce; currency took over batering |
| Merchant Class Expanded | Became wealthy: created bigger stalls, moved to city |
| Peasant Farmers | |
| Daimyo | In debt |
| em Decline of the Tokugawa Syst | ~ The feudal system, Bakufu, lost reason (built for war - no war) ~ Discontent ~ Helped Japan meet west - preserve independence |
| 1800's | Daimyo and samurai discontented - economic position undermined |
| Japanese Scholars - Rangaku | Studied European science and technology; couldn't put knowledge into practice |
| Effect of Foreigners on the Position of the Shogun | ~ No choice but to accept the treaty terms ~ Shogun forfeited his right to rule - gave into Western demands ~ No ships or guns - foreigners couldn't be driven away ~ Couldn't not promise future treaties ~ Change in the relationship between Shogun and Emperor - consulted Emperor for advice |
| Growth of Edo | ~ Over a million people ~ Clean, recycling programme ~ Change in the social order ~ Literacy was taught to everyone - 85% of male population |
| Mid 19th Century Threat on Three Fronts | Russia - North British - South America - East |
| Sonno | Men of determination who came from the Choshu and Satsuma clans |
| Tozama Clans (Composition) | South-West of Japan; Satsuma and Choshu (strong anti-Tokugawa traditions from the defeat at Sekighara) |
| Demands Made | 1. Restoration of Political power to the Emperor 2. Expulsion of all foreigners from Japan |
| 1. Called for Restoration of Political Power to the Emperor | ~ Outraged that the Shogun signed treaties without his consent ~ Emperor was their God |
| 2. Expulsion of all Foreigners from Japan | ~ Foreigners increased with the "unequal treaties" ~ Japanese viewed them with great distrust and hostility |
| Supporters of the Movement | Trouble between clans and western merchants and diplomats |
| 1860-1863 | 'Shi-Shi' waged campaign against 'barbarians'; murdered western advisors/interpreters and attacked western ships |
| Western Government | Fined Shogun - caused strain and weakened authority in Edo |
| Western Response | westerners attacked Satsuma and Choshu provinces - didn't deter 'Shi-Shi' forces |
| 'Shi-Shi' Response to Western Attacks | Clan leaders require Western power to protect itself from West |
| 1866 | Death of Shogun |
| 1867 | Death of Emperor - Ascension of the Emperor Mutsuhito (The Meiji) |
| 1866 Secret Alliance | Satsuma and Choshu secret alliance with Toza and Hizen - unify country under young successor |
| Fall of the Shogun | Prevent bitter fighting between the loyal supporters and the Emperor's imperial forces |
| Civil War 1868 | Edo and Tokugawa Government gave way; renamed city Tokyo (National Capital) |
| The Emperor Mutsuhito MEIJI | Enlightened rule - 16 year old Emperor |
| Ruling Oligarchy/Genro | ~ Young Samurai ~ Usurp power for themselves ~ Needed to reconstruct the whole nation ~ Control the seal (stamp of authority) of Emperor - issue orders in his name ~ Build administration; mechanisms of government |
| New Imperial Capital | Tokyo |
| 25 July 1869 - Imperial Decree | Forced all daimyo to surrender their fiefs and powers |
| 29 August 1871 | Former territories divided into Ken |
| Ken | A new system of districts or prefectures |
| Radical Change | ~ People confused and uncertain ~ Nation in chaos ~ Throwing banknotes in air ~ "Who cares" "what the hell" ~ Bizarre - usually traditional and tranquil ~ Order to anarchy |
| The Charter Oath - April 1886 | ~ Modernise - fix the feudal system ~ Announcement by Emperor; the policy of new Government ~ Foundation stone for Meiji restoration ~ Basis for reforms ~ Past evils wiped out ~ Reforms initiated by Central Government ~ Learn from Western powers - modernise and gain strength ~ Overcome chaos of transformation |
| AIMS 1. Deliberate Assemblies Shall be Widely Established and All Matters Decided by Public Decisions | ~ Establish a parliament, no real power - oligarchy remain in 'real' political control ~ Meiji government gain support ~ Meiji government consolidate powers |
| OVERCOME 1. Deliberate Assemblies Shall be Widely Established and All Matters Decided by Public Decisions | ~ Powerful daimyo - give support and modernise Japan ~ Emperor not extended power through Japan (not secure) ~ Old (Bakufu) government didn't have public assemblies and discussions |
| AIMS 2. All Classes, High and Low, Shall Unite in Vigorously Carrying Out the Administration of Affairs of State | ~ Unify the nation ~ Meant all people could be employed by the government ~ Assist the government, regardless of positions |
| OVERCOME 2. All Classes, High and Low, Shall Unite in Vigorously Carrying Out the Administration of Affairs of State | Barred classes from participating in state affairs and occupations (feudal system) |
| AIMS 3. The Common People, No Less than the Civil and Military Officials, Shall each be Allowed to Pursue His Own Calling so there may be no Discontent | Encourage individuals to work; an incentive to improve all lives |
| OVERCOME 3. The Common People, No Less than the Civil and Military Officials, Shall each be Allowed to Pursue His Own Calling so there may be no Discontent | ~ Abolish feudal order of Japan and specified rank ~ Remove discontent from classes lacking rank or exclude from opportunities ~ Feudal system restrictive and looked for change |
| ~ Abolish feudal order of Japan and specified rank ~ Remove discontent from classes lacking rank or exclude from opportunities ~ Feudal system restrictive and looked for change | ~ Attain western standards (in law) ~ Meet extraterritoriality ~ Blanket for the declaration of reform |
| OVERCOME 4. Evil Customs of the Past shall be Broken off Everything Based Upon the Just Laws of Nature | ~ Old traditions ~ Lord having the power of life and death of vessels (Seppuku) ~ Barbaric customs |
| AIMS 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the World so as to Strengthen the Foundations of Imperial Rule | ~ Consolidation of power ~ Centralise and unify the nation ~ Westernise/Modernise - learn from foreign nations ~ Strengthen country and resist foreign aggression |
| OVERCOME 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the World so as to Strengthen the Foundations of Imperial Rule | ~ Isolation policy - Japan anachromism, missed on political, agarian and industrial revolutions ~ Unequal treaties humiliating |
| PIECEMEAL PROCESS Constitution June 1868 | ~ First - very limited ~ Brought Charter Oath into effect ~ Defined powers of the new government and right of Japanese citizens ~ Proved unworkable and abandoned ~ (nevertheless) The radical reform program followed |
| PIECEMEAL PROCESS Voluntary Handing Over of Fief by Tozama Daimyo to Emperor 1869 | ~ Dismantling feudalism ~ Tozama; supported Emperor, toward daimyo - Governors ~ After restoration ~ Leaders couldn't create fully centralised government f challenged by powerful lords exercising feudal powers |
| 25 July 1869 | Emperor issued imperial decree - forced daimyo to surrender fiefs and powers |
| OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Prefectures | Instead of domains; structure of state; known as ken |
| OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Cash Pensions | Voluntary handed over |
| OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Land Reforms - need farmers on board | ~ 1872 Certificate of Land Ownership to Peasants ~ 1873 Tax in cash; Loss of "commons: - Tenant Farmers |
| 1872 Certificate of Land Ownership to Peasants | Land title; Previously impossible |
| 1873 Tax in cash; Loss of "commons: - Tenant Farmers | ~ Some farmers couldn't buy land; pay rent to use land ~ No longer in rice |
| Commons | Land peasants/Han used to gather wood, water and hunt |
| Farmland | ~ Ease burden of heavy public spending on new capital from industry ~ Largest source of revenue for the Meiji period |
| Farmers | ~ Japanese countryside remained worlds away ~ Depended on farmers "buy less, grow more" ~ "Farmers are the fertilisers of the nation" ~ Part of international economies |
| REFORMS Military - Army | ~ French and German (1871) Model ~ 1870 Universal Military Service - Resentment of Samurai ~ Modern weapons ~ Trained in foreign military academies |
| French and German (1871) model | Germany beat France in 1871 War |
| 1870 Universal Military Service - Resentment of Samurai | ~ Conscription, drafted peasants with guns ~ 20-year-old conscripts in the army for three years ~ Samurai, military roles taken over by conscripted civilians ~ Villages pay for it - outraged at "blood tax" ~ Spontaneous rebellions - change programme |
| Rebellion Saigo Takamori Preserve Tradition | ~ Satsuma rebellion - samurai's last chance ~ "Saigo's death was the death of the samurai" ~ Led 30,000 ex-samurai into battle against government forces ~ "Dirt-farmers" now had the right to bear arms ~ 6 months fighting, Saigo performed seppuku ~ Followers perished at the hands of the conscripted imperial army ~ End marked the beginning of Meiji Transformation |
| Saigo Takamori | The military leader of the Satsuma forces overcame Shogun |
| REFORMS Military - Navy | ~ British model, warships and instructors ~ Construction of large naval bases at Yokusaka, Sasebo and Kure ~ Satsuma Domination |
| British Model, Warships and Instructors | Best in the world; strongest |
| Satsuma Domination | placed in charge; trusted with defence |
| REFORMS Finance | Foreign experts, decimal currency and banks - nation built from scratch |
| 1871 | Decimal currency introduced |
| 1872 | The American system of National Banking for Japan |
| National Banks Established Under Pressure from Government | Failed, poor management, no cooperation, failure to compete |
| 1882 - European style took place | First National Bank - Bank of Japan - formed |
| REFORMS Heavy Industry Encouraged Importing Equipment | ~ Iron/steel, shipbuilding ~ Create infrastructure eg. electricity ~ Established major mines, factories, shipyards ~ Battleship island - "hell" |
| REFORMS Light Industry Import of Real Materials | ~ Clothing, textile, footwear ~ Textile important (silk), pay for changes ~ Girls 10-12 work 12-19 hour shifts |
| REFORMS Transport and Communications | ~ From Commodore Perry's gifts ~ 1871 Telegraph and Postal Systems ~ 1872 Railway Linking Tokyo and Yokohama ~ 1885 Mitsubishi - Japanese mail line |
| 1871 Telegraph and Postal Services | ~ Cheaper to construct (than trains) ~ Linked all major cities to Japan 1880 |
| 1872 Railway Linking Tokyo and Yokohama | ~ First railway line ~ Short-time 2 million people per year ~ 1874- Kobe to Osaka built, extended to Kyoto in 1877 |
| REFORMS Zaibatsu State Owned Enterprises | ~ State control - Privatisation ~ Provided a strong financial base for industry and promoted rapid economic growth |
| State Control - Privatisation | ~ State modernised too fast, ran out of money ~ Family businesses ~ "National achievement, private profit" ~ Government sold off certain industries to private companies ~ Grew large businesses combines (Zaibatsu) |
| REFORMS Education - Stone of Japan | ~ 1871 Ministry of Education ~ 1872 Decree - Primary Education ~ Second and Technical Schools ~ !871 Tokyo University - Principal training for future Government leaders |
| 1871 Ministry of Education | Established to provide education to all people regardless of social class or gender; Non-Confucian/Samurai |
| 1872 Decree - Primary Education | All Japanese have at least 4 years of primary schooling By 1910, 98% of Japanese students receive compulsory education |
| 1871 Tokyo University Principal Training for Future Government Leaders | 9 years later, reorganised into a multi-faculty university |
| 1890 "Rescript on Education" | ~ Ordered the Traditional Confucian and Shinto values not be neglected ~ Japan's leader succeeded in creating a literate, technologically advanced society ~ Strong nationalism and sense of obedience |
| REFORMS Legal | ~ Inlpications of extraterritorial rights of foreigners ~ 1871 Judicial Department - Ministry of Justice ~ Criminal and Civil Law |
| Implications of Extraterritorial Rights of Foreigners | ~ Japan humiliated by the existence of extraterritoriality ~ Removal of prime aim for judicial reform ~ 1900 Help of European lawyers, Japanese legal system overhauled (Western powers willing to give up demands) |
| Criminal and Civil Law | French criminal law German commercial law |
| Meiji Transformation | "Civilisation and enlightenment" Love of all things western Democratisation of Japan - Emperor at top Everyone had incentive - equal opportunity "rich nation, strong military" |
| Fukuzawa Yukichi | ~ Popularised western style ~ Western timekeeping (clock) ~ "Prophet for the modern age" ~ Japanese currency ~ Representation of the spirit of Japan "Heaven creates no man above or below another man" ~ Progress in the national level success at the individual level |
| Westernisation | ~ Haircutting - "if you slap a barbered head it sounds back civilisation and enlightenment" ~ Progress and aping - Few wanted to abolish Japanese language/interbreeding |
| MEIJI MODERNISATION International Relations | 1. Search for economic autonomy - expansion in Asian mainland (Korea and China) 2. Search for security acquisition in strategic areas (Korea and Manchuria) |
| 1. Search for economic autonomy - expansion in Asian mainland (Korea and China) | ~ Colonies a source of food, raw materials, investment in Chinese capital (machinery) ~ Colonies considered being obtained by western powers |
| 2. Search for security acquisition in strategic areas (Korea and Manchuria) | Japan able to protect themselves |
| Three Schools of Thought | 1. Civil Bureaucrats (administrators) 2. Military Bureaucrats 3. Radicals The future of Japan was shaped in terms of conquest |
| Civil Bureaucrats (administrators) | advocated gradual change and peaceful absorption of western knowledge |
| Military Bureaucrats | desirable expansion |
| Radicals | wanted democratic government and social reform but placed military expansion first |
| The Sino-Japanese War Causes | expansion by vigorous modernising of Japan - expense of China |
| China Position | ~ Suffered from corruption (misspending money) ~ Rebellion and foreign pressures (concessions and resources extracted by western powers - slicing of the Chinese melon) |
| SINO-JAPNESE WAR CAUSES Treaty of Tientsin | Signed 1871 - Japan benefitted from China's weaknesses - signed on basis of equality - the first time - reciprocation |
| SINO-JAPNESE WAR CAUSES Treaty of Tientsin - Provisions/Terms | ~ Both countries citizens granted extraterritorial rights (subject to laws of their own nation) ~ Open ports for trade, no inland venture ~ Did not achieve most-favoured-nation clause - defeat, not strong enough to dictate |
| SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Loochoo Islands 1891 | Spoke Japanese, paid tribute to China and Japan |
| SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Sailors Murdered in Taiwan | 1871 - murdered by Aborigines |
| SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Japan Claimed Compensation (China also claimed the Loochoo's) | Refused Loochoos, did not involve Japanese citizens |
| SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Japan Sent Force Against Taiwanese | Did not accept China's claim, sent force 1874, appeared war outbreak |
| SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES China Capitulated (weakness) - Paid Indemnity to Japan | Japan withdrew troops, indemnity for sailors and military expedition |
| SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES 1879 Japan Formally Annexed Loochoo's as Okinawa Prefecture of Japan | China gave up claims - Japan victorious |
| Korea - The Hermit Kingdom | helpless under the suzerainty ('sovereign') of China, policy of isolation |
| Japan interested in Control of Korea | source raw materials and markets "dagger pointed at the heart of Japan" - Russian expansion |
| 1868 Japan Attempts to Establish Diplomatic Relations Rejected | ~ Request for mutual diplomatic recognition ~ Korean ruler rejected ~ Section of Japanese Government demanded war (avenge insult) ~ Peace party won - no war |
| 1875 Japan Threatens Force | second mission negative result, before threat, Koreans gave way |
| 1875 Treaty of Kanghwa | ~ Diplomatic relations established ~ Three Korean ports opened to merchants ~ Japan recognised Korea, independent state, own gain ~ Extraterritorial rights granted to Japan (superior) |
| 1875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response | Korea still considered itself under the suzerainty of China |
| 1875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response Conservatives | Stay with China |
| 1875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response Progressives | look to Japan (vital) |
| 1882 Attack of Japanese at the Legation at Seoul | Conservatives organised attack; Japanese government sent troops; situation ominous peace prevailed |
| 1885 Li-To Convention | Japanese and Chinese both agree to withdraw troops from Seoul and notify each other if troops return |
| 1894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society | Faced by King of Korea; reactionary and anti-foreign group (conservatives) - Korea appeals to China |
| 1894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society JAPANESE RESPONSE | Japan sends 6x troops - 'supposedly' protect Japanese citizens in Korea |
| 1894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society OUTCOME | On arrival rebellion crushed by loyal Korean forces; Japanese unwilling to withdraw forces, provoke war, severe Korean connection with China |
| Japan deposed King of Korea - Set up Puppet Regent | ~ Korean King refused Japanese insistence on indolence from China ~ Seized by Japanese soldiers, imprisoned in Japanese legation |
| Regent Severed Korean Connections with China | ~ Puppet Regent - broke off diplomatic relations with China ~ China sent reinforcements in ship |
| The Kowshing Sunk by Japan China Declared War on Japan | Great loss of life; a week after, war officially declared |
| EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Pursued Across the Yalu River | ~ Army hurled out of Korea ~ Followed by Japanese across the river ~ Raced across Manchuria ~ Lost battle in September |
| EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Port Arthur Stormed | ~ Fell on November 21 ~ Japanese more skilful ~ Chinese ships; lack of ammunition, more ships ~ Massacre - lasted three months ~ Japanese loss of control, threatened their international reputation |
| EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Surrender at Wei Hai February 1895 | ~ Chinese fleet fell back ~ Defeat by forces everywhere ~ Chinese government forced to sue for peace |
| Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki | Signed 17 April 1895; China made concessions |
| Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki Terms | ~ Korea recognised as an independent state by China ~ Japan gained territory; Liatuong Penisula, Taiwan and Pescadores Islands ~ Four new ports ~ Most-favoured nation rights - Japan (reaches status of Western powers) ~ China indemnity of 200 million taels |
| Japan Consequences | ~ International prestige - "world power" ~ Domination of Korea by Japan ~ The "war party" acclaimed for victory (strengthened in Japan) ~ Japan embarked on expansionist, imperialistic course |
| Japanese "War Party" | Military influence in government grew (only governors and admirals could serve as ministers for army or navy) |
| China Consequences | ~ Weakness and corruption of China ~ Desire to replace Mancha dynasty grew ~ Sparked off increasing demand for concession by Europeans (slicing of the Chinese melon grows) ~ Myth of "sleeping dragon" - nothing |
| Tripple Intervention | Russia, Germany and France "requested the Liatuong Penisula return to China *Britain previously signed treaty* |
| Tripple Intervention Reasons | ~ Japanese occupation threatened the peace of the region ~ Russia desired Port Arthur - building a railway ~ Europe had to take Japan into calculation in diplomacy |
| Tripple Intervention Japanese Reaction | ~ Japan not strong enough to fight three European powers - outraged ~ Japan "bear the unbearable," surrender territory ~ Accept 30 million taels to the indemnity |
| BOXER REBELLION Hatred for "Foreign Devils" 'Boxers of Society' or 'Harmonious Fists' | By-products of foreign intervention - growth anti-foreign feeling ANTI-CHRISTIAN, ANTI-FOREIGN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN NORTH CHINA |
| By-products of foreign intervention - growth anti-foreign feeling ANTI-CHRISTIAN, ANTI-FOREIGN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN NORTH CHINA | ~ Boxers attack Christain missions, missionaries, converts and western innovations ~ Wished to destroy everything - foreign flavour ~ Forced out of Shantung - Peking Lay |
| Mancha Dynasty Response Boxer Rebellion | ~ Empress Dowager strong policy against foreign powers in Japan - China resist force in unacceptable demands ~ Empress encouraged boxers; Imperial forces joined |
| BOXER REBELLION Arrival 1900 | Attack foreign legations, murdered German and Japanese ambassadors |
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