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Flashcards

Lab Procedures Lecture Test #1

Aaron Barnes English 135 cards

Capillaria Ovum (Lungworm, Bladderworm)

Cards in this deck (135)

  1. 1ZoonosisA disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans and humans to animals. Not species specific. Example: Ringworm (Fungal infection on the skin), Rabies.
  2. 2Uncinaria sp. (Uncinaria stenocephala)Northern Hookworm, genera of nematode (Cold climate)
  3. 3Prepatent PeriodThe time the initial infection with a parasite until the infection can be detected using diagnostic tools. Example: One-week old puppy that is born with hookworm, will test negative because the prepatent period of hookworm is at least 12 days.
  4. 4CestodeTapeworm - Flat and segmented (Proglottids), creamy white in colour, have a scolex (The head, which contains hooks or suckers). Segments look like grains of rice in the feces. The ova you rarely see in a fecal flotation as it is the segment that contains the eggs, they need to break open to release the eggs. These eggs are also very heavy. To diagnose tapeworm, we look for macrosegments in the feces. There are various egg types, depending on the genus of tapeworm (Example: Dipylidium - The common name is the flea tapeworm. Huge egg that contains and egg packet.
  5. 5Eimeria sp.A genus of coccidia that inhabits large animal and livestock
  6. 6Cutaneous Larva MiransCreeping eruption also means hookworm (Ancylostoma). Prolonged migration of the larva under the skin. It’s usually self-limiting (dies off on its own), could migrate further but unlikely.
  7. 7Zinc sulfateFlotation solution used for fecal testing. Used from protozoa, cysts and larva (Especially Giardia). To make it you need 386 grams of Zinc Sulfate to 1L of water (not warm)
  8. 8ParasiteAn organism that lives within or upon and at the expense of another organism for its benefit. Can cause significant damage to the host depending upon the following. Number of parasites present and the location in the host.
    The following are signs an animal may show if an animal is infected. Lethargy (Tired, weak), lack of appetite (Anorexia), itchiness of the skin, poor coat condition, increased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, blood in the stool, coughing.
  9. 9VectorCan be living or non-living and it transmits the costive agent of disease from infected to non-infected. Example of living vector: Arthropod, fleas or ticks. Example of non-living (mechanical) vector: Brush, hat, fomite.
  10. 10Capillaria areophiliaLungworm, part of the nematodes
  11. 11Uncinaria Sp. HostDog and cat
  12. 12Uncinaria Sp. HabitatSmall intestine
  13. 13Uncinaria Sp. MorphologySimilar to Ancylostoma (adult), morulated egg (Ova). More common in colder region and survives in cold climates.
  14. 14Uncinaria Sp. LifecyclePrepatent period is 4-6 weeks. Direct lifecycle which includes egg ingestion of L3 from soil, moves to digestive tract, turns into L4 and L5, mates and produces eggs.
  15. 15Uncinaria Sp. Clinical SignsPoor coat condition, loose stool (diarrhea), weight loss.
  16. 16Uncinaria Sp. Prevention and ControlPick up feces, disinfect soil if its positive, anti-helminthic therapy (De-worming). Keep in mind of colder climate. Not zoonotic
  17. 17Capillaria areophilia HostDog, cat and fox
  18. 18Capillaria areophilia HabitatTrachea, bronchi and lungs
  19. 19Capillaria areophilia MorphologyCreamy white, cylindrical, small (Adult). Bipolar egg (Ova) similar to whipworm but this egg is smaller, and the plugs are not symmetrical and are embedded more in the egg.
  20. 20Capillaria areophilia LifecyclePrepatent period is 40 days. Can be direct or in-direct. If it is direct adult worms are living in the lungs, they produce eggs that are coughed up, swallowed, eventually passed in the feces, the eggs are L1 ova, that are then readjusted, matures into L2, migrates to the lungs, becomes L3, L4 and L5. If it is in-direct adults living in the lungs, the eggs are coughed up, swallowed, passed in the feces, an earthworm or a rodent ingest L1, then the host eats the earthworm or the rodent, becomes L2 in that host, migrates to the lungs, becomes L3, L4, and L5, mate and produce eggs.
  21. 21Capillaria areophilia Clinical signsDry Coughing, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), anorexia, fever. Eggs can be found in the feces, nasal discharge and sputum (phlegm). It can be asymptomatic (No signs) if a low burden. A Baermann technique is needed to find live larva in feces.
  22. 22Capillaria areophilia Prevention and ControlPick up feces, avoid ingestion of earthworms (avoid rainy days), avoid digging in the soil. This is difficult to treat because anti-helminthic may not reach the lungs. Advantage Multi can be used for prevention, PS another genus of lungworm is becoming more common as well (Fox lungworm).
  23. 23Baermann techniqueThe Baermann technique is based on the active migration or movement of larvae. Baermann technique is looking for a live larva in the feces
    Feces are suspended in water.
    The larvae move into the water.
    They sink to the bottom and can be collected for identification
  24. 24ScolexHead part of a cestode (Tapeworm), that has suckers or hooks for attachment to the tissue
  25. 25FlukeGrouping of trematode (Flatworm).
    There are many different genera, each target a different organ or area (Example: Liver fluke, lung fluke). They always require an aquatic (pond or marsh) environment to complete the life cycle. The adult fluke is often leaf shaped. The ova are large, oval eggs that contain an operculum (lid)
  26. 26Direct LifecycleFrom egg to adult, back to an egg in the same host
  27. 27Standard (Passive Flotation) TestMix feces with solution (Sodium Nitrate). Do not stir violently to break up feces. Takes about 5 minutes to set up, don’t stir forever. Fill a pile vial all the way to the top until a meniscus (curved solution) is formed. Apply a coverslip and let it sit for 10 minutes (No longer than 15 minutes). Transfer the coverslip to a microscope slide. Avoid air bubbles. Examine the whole slide at a systematic manner on 10x (10 power). Do not use if you suspect heavy eggs (Example: Tapeworm). Good for most nematode ova. Commercials kits are available (Example: Fecalyzer or Ovassay).
  28. 28Eimeria sp. (Grouping)Protozoan
  29. 29Ancylostoma (Grouping)Nematode
  30. 30Operculum (Grouping)Trematode
  31. 31Proglottids (Grouping)Cestode
  32. 32Uncinaria sp. (Grouping)Nematode
  33. 33Fasciola hepatica (Common name)Liver fluke
  34. 34Dipylidium (Common name)Flea tapeworm
  35. 35—Capillaria Ovum
    (Lungworm, Bladderworm)    Capillaria Ovum (Lungworm, Bladderworm)
  36. 36—Trematode Adults
    (Liver fluke, Lung fluke)    Trematode Adults (Liver fluke, Lung fluke)
  37. 37—Ascarid Ovum
    (Nematode egg)    Ascarid Ovum (Nematode egg)
  38. 38—Bipolar Ovum
    (Nematode egg)    Bipolar Ovum (Nematode egg)
  39. 39—Cestode Adult
    (Tapeworm)    Cestode Adult (Tapeworm)
  40. 40—Cestode Ova (Dipylidium)
    (Flea Tapeworm)    Cestode Ova (Dipylidium) (Flea Tapeworm)
  41. 41—Cestode Ova (Taenia)
    (Tapeworm)    Cestode Ova (Taenia) (Tapeworm)
  42. 42—Cestode Segments
    (Tapeworm segments)    Cestode Segments (Tapeworm segments)
  43. 43—Coccidia Oocysts
    (Protozoan egg)
    (Adults called Bradyzoites)    Coccidia Oocysts (Protozoan egg) (Adults called Bradyzoites)
  44. 44—Dioctophyma renale Ovum
    (Kidney worm)    Dioctophyma renale Ovum (Kidney worm)
  45. 45—Fluke Ovum
    (Trematode egg)    Fluke Ovum (Trematode egg)
  46. 46—Giant Kidney Worm Adult
    (Dioctophyma renale)    Giant Kidney Worm Adult (Dioctophyma renale)
  47. 47—Giardia Cysts (eggs)Giardia Cysts (eggs)
  48. 48—Giardia Trophozoite
    (Protozoan)    Giardia Trophozoite (Protozoan)
  49. 49—Larvated Ovum
    (Nematode egg)    Larvated Ovum (Nematode egg)
  50. 50—Morulated Ovum
    (Nematode egg)    Morulated Ovum (Nematode egg)
  51. 51—Nematode Adult
    (Roundworm)    Nematode Adult (Roundworm)
  52. 52Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) Hostdog, cat, coyote, wolf, and raccoon
  53. 53Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) HabitatAdult worm lives in the small intestines
  54. 54Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) MorphologyThe adult cylindrical or creamy white, about 1-2 cm. 3 pairs of teeth in its mouth parts and is used to suck blood from the intestine. Morphology of the ova is an morulated egg (Oval, and dispersed cytoplasm)
  55. 55Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) LIfecyclePrepatent period is 4-6 weeks, it can be as little as 2 weeks. Adult worms (L5) live in the small intestine of the host. They pass undeveloped eggs into the feces, they develop into L1, they feed on bacteria and become L2, and then L3. L3 is infective. It has 4 means of infection. (1) Ingestion of infected eggs, (2) skin penetration, (3)
    transmammary (Through the mammary glands, mothers milk), (4) prenatally.
  56. 56Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) Clinical signsPoor coat condition (lacks luster), loose stool with blood, mucus, or even digested blood, weight loss with increased appetite, possible anemia with a heavy burden. This has zoonotic potential. CLM (Cutaneous Larva Migrans) or creeping eruption also means hookworm. Prolonged migration of the larva under the skin. It’s usually self-limiting (dies off on its own), could migrate further but unlikely
  57. 57Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) Prevention and ControlClean up the feces and if positive disinfect the soil (boiling water), no bare feet, good hygiene (animal housing areas included), anti-helminthic therapy (de-worming), fecal floatation
  58. 58Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) Ingestion of L3 eggsThe host eats the eggs from the soil, they enter the intestine, migrate to the circulation, goes to the lungs, is coughed up and re-swallowed, enters the small intestine, becomes L4, L5 mates and produces eggs in the feces. Sometimes these L3 do not migrate but just stay put in the intestine, eventually become L5, mate and produce eggs.
  59. 59Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) Skin PenetrationThe L3 larva penetrates through the footpads, undergo trachea migration, go back into the intestine, they then become L4 and L5, mate, and produce eggs.
  60. 60Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) TransmammaryThe L3 migrate to the milk glands and pass infective larva when the babies are nursing. They undergo trachea migration in the babies or stay in the intestine and mature into L4 and L5, mate and produce eggs
  61. 61Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworm) PrenatallyThe L3 migrate to the placenta, cross into the fetal lungs, at birth they are coughed up and re-swallowed, go through trachea migration, and mature in the intestine L4 and L5, mate and produce eggs.
  62. 62Uncinaria stenocephala (Northern Hookworm) HostDog and cat
  63. 63Uncinaria stenocephala (Northern Hookworm) HabitatSmall intestine
  64. 64Uncinaria stenocephala (Northern Hookworm) MorphologySimilar to Ancylostoma (adult), morulated egg (Ova). More common in colder region and survives in cold climates
  65. 65Uncinaria stenocephala (Northern Hookworm) LifecyclePrepatent period is 4-6 weeks. Direct lifecycle which includes egg ingestion of L3 from soil, goes into digestive tract, moves to digestive tract, turns into L4 and L5, mates and produces eggs
  66. 66Uncinaria stenocephala (Northern Hookworm) Clinical signsPoor coat condition, loose stool (diarrhea), weight loss
  67. 67Uncinaria stenocephala (Northern Hookworm) Prevention and ControlPick up feces, disinfect soil if its positive, anti-helminthic therapy (De-worming). Keep in mind of colder climate. Not zoonotic
  68. 68Trichuris vulpis (Whipworm) HostDog, fox, coyote (Rare in cats)
  69. 69Trichuris vulpis (Whipworm) HabitatLives in the cecum of the large intestine (blind pouch off to the side)
  70. 70Trichuris vulpis (Whipworm) MorphologyCylindrical, creamy white, whip on the end (Adults), bi-polar egg (Ova) it is football shaped but has symmetrical plugs. Ova are very resistant in the soil
  71. 71Trichuris vulpis (Whipworm) LifecyclePrepatent period is 3 months. Direct lifecycle. Ingestion of ova by the host in L1. L1 goes into the intestine, migrates to the cecum, matures into L3, L4 and L5. Some go to the large intestine and some stay in the cecum. Once L5 they mate and produces eggs. Not zoonotic.
  72. 72Trichuris vulpis (Whipworm) Clinical signsDiarrhea, may have mucus or frank blood (red obvious blood), weight loss, poor coat condition
  73. 73Trichuris vulpis (Whipworm) Prevention and ControlClean up feces, routine de-worming, they hide in the cecum, regular fecal flotations
  74. 74Capillaria aerophilia (Lungworm) HostDog, cat, and fox
  75. 75Capillaria aerophilia (Lungworm) HabitatTrachea, bronchi and lungs
  76. 76Capillaria aerophilia (Lungworm) MorphologyCreamy white, cylindrical, small (Adult). Bipolar egg (Ova) similar to whipworm but this egg is smaller, and the plugs are not symmetrical and are embedded more in the egg
  77. 77Capillaria aerophilia (Lungworm) LifecyclePrepatent period is 40 days. Can be direct or in-direct. If it is direct adult worms are living in the lungs, they produce eggs that are coughed up, swallowed, eventually passed in the feces, the eggs are L1 ova, that are then readjusted, matures into L2, migrates to the lungs, becomes L3, L4 and L5. If it is in-direct adults living in the lungs, the eggs are coughed up, swallowed, passed in the feces, an earthworm or a rodent ingest L1, then the host eats the earthworm or the rodent, becomes L2 in that host, migrates to the lungs, becomes L3, L4, and L5, mate and produce eggs
  78. 78Capillaria aerophilia (Lungworm) Clinical signsDry Coughing, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), anorexia, fever. Eggs can be found in the feces, nasal discharge and sputum (phlegm). It can be asymptomatic (No signs) if a low burden. A Baermann technique is needed to find live larva in feces
  79. 79Capillaria aerophilia (Lungworm) Prevention and ControlPick up feces, avoid ingestion of earthworms (avoid rainy days), avoid digging in soil. This is difficult to treat because anti-helminthic may not reach the lungs. Advantage Multi can be used for prevention, PS another genus of lungworm is becoming more common as well (Fox lungworm)
  80. 80Capillaria plica (Bladderworm) HostDog, cat, and fox
  81. 81Capillaria plica (Bladderworm) HabitatThe adult worms live in the urinary bladder
  82. 82Capillaria plica (Bladderworm) MorphologyCylindrical, creamy white, small (Adult). Looks exactly the same as Capillaria aerophilia (Ova). Eggs are found in the urine and feces
  83. 83Capillaria plica (Bladderworm) LifecyclePrepatent period is 40-60 days. It can be direct or in-direct, but it is exactly like Capillaria aeropphilia, except the adults migrate and mature in the bladder. The intermediate host is also an earthworm
  84. 84Capillaria plica (Bladderworm) Clinical signsAsymptomatic (Rarely any signs), non-pathogenetic (does not cause disease)
  85. 85Capillaria plica (Bladderworm) Prevention and ControlAvoid earthworm environment, don’t let animal dig in soil, pick up feces, disinfect urine spots with boiling water. NEED TO DO URINALYSIS with and fecal to diagnose
  86. 86Dioctophyma renale (The Kidney Worm) HostMink, fox, any wild carnivore
  87. 87Dioctophyma renale (The Kidney Worm) HabitatKidney (especially the right kidney), or free living in the abdomen
  88. 88Dioctophyma renale (The Kidney Worm) MorphologyReddish brown in colour and can be over 35cm in length and can even be 1cm in diameter, it is the large nematode (Adult). Large barrel-shaped egg (ova), with a pitted shell, bipolar?
  89. 89Dioctophyma renale (The Kidney Worm) LifecyclePrepatent period can be up to 2 years. Indirect lifecycle, the egg is passed and developed in a water source, into an L1 egg, the L1 egg becomes and external parasite on a crayfish in the water, it then develops into an L2 and L3 upon the crayfish, the L3 is then eaten by a fish with the crayfish or not, the larva then invades the tissue of the fish and forms a cyst, the definitive host (DH) then eats the fish along with the L3, the L3 then penetrates the bowel and matures into an L4, further develops into the abdominal cavity and then eventually matures into an L5 in the kidney
  90. 90Dioctophyma renale (The Kidney Worm) Clinical signsMay be asymptomatic as the other kidney tries to compensate. Possible abdominal pain, blood in the urine, possible liver disease
  91. 91Dioctophyma renale (The Kidney Worm) Prevention and ControlDo not feed or expose to raw fish, more common in fresh lake water regions, eggs maybe found in the urine. Treatment involves nephrectomy (removal of the kidney), if kidney is too far gone then euthanasia must be done, not zoonotic
  92. 92ProtozoanSingle-celled organism with no circulatory system (an Ameba) and some are parasitic
  93. 93Protozoan typesToxoplasma gondii
    Isospora felis
    Isospora canis
    Eimeria species (sp. Or spp.)
    Giardia spp
    Coccidia
  94. 94HelminthsGrouping name for worms. Include flatworms (Example: Flukes, and Tape worms). Also includes nematodes (worms that are round)
  95. 95NematodesAdults are all various sizes and lengths, they’re creamy white in colour and round. Nematodes have 4 different egg types.
    A – Morulated Ovum: Oval, has a thin shell, and has cytoplasmic balls in the centre (Example: Hookworm)
    B – Larvated Ovum: Oval egg that contains a motile larva (Example: Threadworm)
    C – Bipolar Ovum: Oval, contains a plug on each end, and the cytoplasm is dispersed (Example: Whipworm)
    D – Ascarid Ovum: Large, thick outer membrane, bumpy shell, and a dark centre (Example: Roundworm).
  96. 96Generalize environmental control of parasites1. Daily clean up of feces (ASAP). Dispose of waste in the garbage. Could put boiling water on the ground on spot where animal defecated.
    2. Cover sand boxes when not in use. Also watched wooded areas with an increased raccoon population.
    3. Use gloves when gardening. Practice good hygiene and wash your hands.
    4. ALL pets in the household should be on a parasite prevention program all year round.
    5. Annual fecal testing (every 6 months). Confirms that they are negative.
    6. Public parks are a huge reservoir for ova. Live in a bubble until animals are on proper medication.
    7. Should be wearing shoes in public parks, wooded areas or even the beach.
  97. 97Toxocara canis (Roundworm or Ascarids) HostDog or fox
  98. 98Toxocara cati (Roundworm or Ascarids) hostCat
  99. 99Toxascaris leonine (Roundworm or Ascarids) HostDog, cat, fox and wild animals
  100. 100Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonine HabitatBoth T. cati and Toxacaris leonine reside in the small intestine only. T. canis lives in the small intestine in young animals and in older animals, they reside in the somatic(body) tissue
  101. 101Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonine MorphologyAdults – All three adults look the same (Roundworm), long creamy white and cylindrical.
    Ova- All ascarid ova look similar except for slight differences. T. canis and T. cati it is a large round egg with a bumpy outer shell and a dark centre. Toxascaris leonine is exactly the same except it has a lighter centre.
  102. 102Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonine LifecyclePrepatent period is 4 to 6 weeks (Toxocara species have zoonotic potential)
  103. 1034 methods of infection for Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonine1) Ingestion of infected eggs
    2) Prenatally (Before birth) (In kittens, nursing queens spread through milk)
    3) Ingestion of larva by the mother.
    4) Ingestion of a paratenic host (accidental host) Example: earthworms, beetles
    Toxascaris leonine, there is no somatic migration, two methods only (Direct egg ingestion, or ingestion of a paratenic host). Also rarely zoonotic
  104. 104Ingestion of infected eggsMature worms (L5), live in the intestine, they pass L1 eggs into the feces. Then mature into L2 and become infective at L3. L3 ova are then eaten by the host. L3 hatch into the small intestine, go through the lining and migrate from there. They will undergo either tracheal (3-6 months of age) or somatic (6 months or older) depending on the age of the host
  105. 105PrenatallyThe mother already has somatic larva living in the tissue when she becomes pregnant. The larva move into the circulation across the placenta and targets the lungs and liver of the fetus. When the puppies are born the larva move quickly through the circulation, they undergo tracheal migration when the babies are born
  106. 106Ingestion of larva by the motherThe mother ingests ova while cleaning the puppies feces and re-infects herself, and goes through somatic migration in her
  107. 107Ingestion of a paratenic hostEggs are eaten by an accidental host (Bird, fly, beetle). The host then eats the paratenic host. Then go into the intestine, mature in L5, mate and produce eggs
  108. 108ToxoplasmaOocysts are tiny and not always found in the feces and need a special stain to find them. The adult is called a Bradyzoite and lives in the tissue (so we don’t care about it)
  109. 109GiardiaOocysts you will not see, you will see the motile stage which is called a trophozoite or a cyst stage. A special stain is needed (lugois iodine or neumethylene blue) to view the cyst stage and the motile stage. A commercial ELISA test is available (Antigen test). The adult… who cares you will never see it. Or you can send an O & P (Ova and Parasite test) to an outside reference lab. Its very hard to detect Giardia and its Zoonotic
  110. 110O and POva and Parasite test
  111. 111Isospora felis and canisCoccidia that inhabits small animals
  112. 112OocystsProtozoan ova that can be seen under a fecal flotation
  113. 113Centrifugal FlotationThe Centre for Disease Control says this method is the most accurate for egg yield. *Sugar solution or Zinc Sulfate. Mix feces with solution, strain, fill a test tube ¾ full, but here you’re going to fill it to the 12 mL mark at St. Clair College. Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 12-15 RPM’s. Once finished removed test tube, put in a test tube rack, add sugar solution until it forms a meniscus, add a cover slip, and wait 10 minutes. Remove the cover slip, put on a slide and observe under 10x. This method is good for heavier eggs (Example: Tapeworm, Fluke eggs). It is also the gold standard for nematode eggs
  114. 114Fecal Sedimentation (Ova and Parasite)More complex procedure, it’s not a simple centrifugal method. The bottom of the solution is used, you can use Zinc Sulfate. Best used to test for Giardia (Multiple samples are sent from a patient over a series of days). Use SAF preservative. This method is OK for heavy eggs and even lungworm?
  115. 115Sodium NitrateFlotation solution used for fecal testing. 10-minute flotation period, used for testing parasite ova (1.200 gravity). 315 grams of sodium nitrate crystals to 1L of warm water to dissolve. (commercial products) Ovasol. Great for nematode eggs and larvae but may distort some cysts. Crystalizes and will distort eggs after 20 mins. If you get a positive fecal you need to determine the egg type and count. If negative put “No Ova Observed”
  116. 116Sugar SolutionFlotation solution used for fecal testing. Best solution to use. BEWARE OF ZOONOSIS because its sticky. Specific gravity is 1.270. Advantages is inexpensive, will not distort life stages, you can use it with the centrifuge method. Disadvantages are sticky. To make you need 1 pound of sugar to 355mL of warm water. A preservative needs to be added to prevent bacteria or fungus from happening. Formaldehyde
  117. 117Sodium ChlorideFlotation solution used for fecal testing. NEVER USE, distorts ova
  118. 118Direct SmearNEED AN IMMEDIATE FRESH SAMPLE. Make a thin smear on an microscope slide, add one drop of saline, stain (Example: Lugols iodine, or NMB) should also be used. Add one drop of stain, cover slip, examine under 10 power in a systematic manner. Can go to 40 power if needed. The reason for a direct smear is to detect motile protozoa (Example: Giardia). Not useful to detect nematodes, tapeworm, or coccidia.
  119. 119Stains for slidesNMB (neumethylene blue), Lugols iodine
  120. 120FlotationBased on specific gravity (weight of an object to the weight of water = 1.000). Flotation solutions must have a higher specific gravity than parasite ova. Most parasite eggs have a specific gravity of 1.200 or lower. Any fecal solution used must have a specific gravity of 1.200-1.250. You can use an antigen test to detect nematodes instead of flotations, but it is expensive
  121. 121Gross ExaminationMacroscopic (Use of only the naked eye) exam, and Microscopic (Use of a microscope) exam
  122. 122Definitive HostThis harbours the adult, sexual or mature parasite. Example: Dog
  123. 123Paratenic HostAccidental host or unusual host.
    Example: Bird
  124. 124Intermediate HostThis harbours the larval, immature or sexual stage of the parasite. Example: Mosquito carries heartworm. Certain tapeworms require fleas to complete its cycle
  125. 125Indirect lifecycleThis involves an intermediate host; all life stages are not in the same host. Two or more hosts are needed to complete the life cycle.
  126. 126External Parasite (Exoparasite or Ectoparasite)Mites, ticks, fleas
  127. 127Endoparasite (Internal Parasite)Roundworm, Hookworm
  128. 128ParasitologyStudy of Parasites
  129. 129Tracheal migration routethe larva migrates to the liver, to the right side of the heart, to the pulmonary artery, to the lungs, and then crawl up the bronchi, coughed up and re-swallowed. Then they go back to the digestive tract where they mature into L5 worms, and then mate and produce eggs. Coughing will occur with a heavy burden
  130. 130Somatic migration routeThe larva migrates to the liver, to the right side of the heart, to the pulmonary artery, to the lungs, to the pulmonary vein, to the left side of the heart, into the general circulation and into the tissues of the body. The larva live here in the tissue, no eggs are produced, they do not mature further, and are no clinical signs in the host. Somatic migration will only continue in an unspayed female. Hormones will cause the larva to move out of the tissue, go to the intestine, mature, or move larva to infect the young during pregnancy
  131. 131Two common parasitesFasciola hepatica & Diplylidium
  132. 132Fasciola hepaticaLiverfluke
  133. 133DipylidiumFlea tapeworm
  134. 134Tests technicians perform to help the DVM make a diagnosisFecal samples, urine analysis, bloodwork, x-rays, ear swabs.
  135. 135Label for fecal material must containSpecies of Animal, Date, what test you want done

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Flashcards on Lab Procedures Lecture Test #1, created by Aaron Barnes on 29/09/2018.
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