Flashcards
Ecosystem services
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1Define "ecosystem"A dynamic complex of plants, animals and micro-organism communities and the non-living environment, including humans, interacting as a functional unit
- 2Define ecosystem services- The conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfil human life
- 3What is the ecosystem approach?- It provides a valuable framework for analysing and acting on the linkages between people and their environment.
- It is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. - 4What three CBD objectives does the ecosystem approach help balance?1. Conservation
2. Sustainable use
3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits - 5Through what 6 key principles does the ecosystem approach achieve the sustainable use of ecosystem services1. Management within natural limits.
2. Management for the long-term.
3. Management at the macro and micro scales.
4. Accounting for true value.
5. Making trade-offs clear.
6. Involving stakeholders in decisions. - 6According to ecosystem approach, what is an integral part of most ecosystems?Humans and their cultural diversity
- 7What can the ecosystem approach help overcome?The high level of uncertainty associated with ecosystem processes, due to their non-linearity, fluctuations and time lags.
- 8What are the three key concepts of ecosystem services1. If nobody benefits, there is no ecosystem services.
2. Ecosystem services are not the ecosystem that provided them.
3. Ecosystem services can be of 4 types of economic goods. - 9What 4 types of economic goods can ecosystem services be?- Private good
- Common-pool resource
- Toll/club good
- Public good - 10Is the concept of ecosystem services new?No
- Even in 400 BC, Plato had simple notions of human dependence on Earth's ecosystems - 11What are the four categories of ecosystem services, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment?1. Supporting (the basis of the other three)
2. Provisioning
3. Regulating
4. Cultural - 12Why has MA categorisation of ecosystem services been under dispute?There is ambiguity:
- Supporting services have a different relationship with humans than the other three service types, as they just contribute to processes that underpin the other three categories.
- None of the "regulating" and "cultural" services are considered to be final services, and there is little guidance on how to measure them. - 13Why is there a risk of double-counting in an ecosystem service assessment?End-products AND intermediate-products may be counted.
- 14Give an example of an intermediate component of ecosystem services- The food web that the target fish population for angling depends on are intermediate components.
- The value of angling will also include the value of the food web on which the fish depend. - 15Why are the outcomes of processes measured in ecosystem service assessments rather than the process itself?Measuring processes is much more difficult
- 16What is one difficulty faced when trying to avoid double-counting in an ecosystem service assessment?Difficult if an ecosystem component is a final service in one context and an intermediate component in another. E.g. wetlands
- 17Ecosystem services should be isolated from ____Non-ecological contributions to final goods and services, e.g. labor and capital
- 18What is one current problem of the use of ecosystem service terms- There is an over-abundance of poorly defined units of measurement that exacerbate the divide between ecological and economic analaysis
- 19How many directions can ecosystem services flow?One - towards the beneficaries
- 20The capture of benefits from ecosystem services depends on what 4 factors?1. Socio-economic characteristics
2. Political rules.
3. Markets
4. Preferences and culture - 21Timber is an example of what type of economic good?Private good (Rival, excludable)
- 22Public grazing land is an example of what type of economic good?Common-pool resource (Rival, Non-excludable)
- 23Copyrighted information is an example of what type of economic good?Toll good (Non-rival, excludable)
- 24Stable climate is an example of what type of economic good?Public good (Non-rival, non-excludable)
- 25In what year was the term "environmental services" first coined?1970
- 26—
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- Flashcards on Ecosystem services, created by Bethany Ansell on 14/01/2019.
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- Bethany Ansell
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