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Flashcards

B&B TB9

ginakc22 English 66 cards

Cards in this deck (66)

  1. 1Voluntary and reflex movements are brought about by...Making striated muscles contract.
  2. 2Cardiac and smooth muscles are part of which system?The autonomic system (homeostatis).
  3. 3In a striated muscle, there are regular bands of...Portein actin and myosin.
  4. 4APs travel over the muscle cell membrane causing what to be released?Calcium.
  5. 5What does DMD stand for and what is it causesd by?Duchenne Muscle Dystrophy- caused by abnormality in muscle protein. Causes muscle weakness.
  6. 6Each muscle fibre is innovated by 1...Nerve cell.
  7. 7What is the 'final common pathway'?All output from the CNS that result in an action, pass from the spinal cord/brainstem to a striated muscle fibre.
  8. 8What is the NMJ?The neuromuscular junction.
  9. 9Describe the pathway from the AP to the AP in the muscle surface membrane.AP (travels down axon) -> NMJ -> Acetylcholine is released (binds to) -> end-plate -> AP in muscle surface membrane.
  10. 10What is myasethenia gravis? And what are the symptoms?Abnormaility in acetylcholine receptiors- the neurotransmitter cannot bind to the muscle. Pps are very weak and can make few movements.
  11. 11What happens if a train of APs arrive within 10-100 milliseconds of eachother?The muscle has prolonged contractions (tetanic)- twitch.
  12. 12What is recruitment?The strength of the movement depends on how many motorneurons (therefore muscle fibres) are activated at the same time.
  13. 13What is the lower motor neuron?The final neuron before the muscle (aka the alpha motor neuron). It is large and can conduct info up to 120 meters per sec.
  14. 14What are the characteristics of lower motor neuron syndrome?Paralysis- the muscle is flacid
    Muscle wasting
    Fasciculation- spontaneous contractions
  15. 15Why do spontaneous contractions occur in lower motor neuron syndrome?The muscle no longer had a nerve going to it so it sprouts more axons- now highly senstive, so any aceytcholine makes it contract.
  16. 16Lower motor neurons are told what to do by other neurons, for example...1) Upper motor neurons- info from the cortex about voluntary movements
    2) Sensory neurons- sensory reflexes
    3) Brainstem neurons- neurons that control posture
  17. 17? is the amount cortex devoted to areas of movement.Motor homunculus.
  18. 18The cortiospinal tract is from the ? to the ? and controls ?From the cortex to the spine- controls arms, hands, fingers, legs, toes etc.
  19. 19The cortiobulbar tract is from the ? to the ? and controls ?From the cortex to the brainstem- controls eyes, nose, face, lips, neck etc.
  20. 20Problems with upper motor neurons cause...Permenant contraction of the movement, greatly exagerated reflexes and increased muscle tone.
  21. 21Areas involved in motor timing are in a loop from the ? to the ?From the cortex to the thalamus.
  22. 22What is hemiballismus?A movement disorder involving the arms/legs on one side- involuntarily moving/contracting and also problems with initiating movement.
  23. 23What is dyspraxia?The inability to do higher level movements or plan without paralysis.
  24. 24What are the main characteristics of PD?Inability to start/stop movements easily, resting tremor, bradykinesea, facial expression problems and posture problems.
  25. 25What symptom can be fund across athetosis, chorea, hemiballismum and Huntingtons?Spontaneous movements.
  26. 26What is the difference between the direct and indirect pathway of movements?The direct pathway is to do with making movements and the indirect pathway is to so with stopping movements.
  27. 27? are receptors in the basil ganglia excited by dopamine.D1 (direct pathway).
  28. 28? are receptors in the basil ganglia inhibited by dopamine.D2 (indirect pathway).
  29. 29A lack of dopamine increasing excitatory acitivity in the direct pathway and inhibition of the thalamus can be found in ? leading to ?Parkinsons disease- leading to difficulty starting and stopping movements.
  30. 30Degenerationof caudate leading to no inhibition of the thalamus can be seen in ? and causes ?Huntingtons- causing over excitability and unwanted movements.
  31. 31Unilateral damage to the subthalamic nucleus can be seen in ? and causes ?Hemiballisms- causes unwanted movements.
  32. 32Describe the loop involved in most cortical areas such as the sensory motor, limbic and associative network.Cortex -> Basil ganglia -> Thalamus -> cortex
  33. 33Unilateral celebellar damage can cause..Intention tremor and errors in control.
  34. 34How do we make a movement precise?The cerrebellum feeds back to the cortex.
  35. 35Name the 5 main things we use executive control for.1) Decides which course of action to take
    2) Inhibits inappropraite action
    3) Inhibits irrelevant info
    4) Reasoning and planning
    5) Overcoming behaviours that would otherwise be automatic
  36. 36What is default mode behaviour and who can we see it in?No executive control- seen in children, adults with PFC damage and animals with small/no PFC.
  37. 37Control takes place between the ? and the ?Basil ganglia and frontal areas (enhances activity in some areas and inhibits in others)
  38. 38What did Bianchi find in animals with PFC damage?They had an inability to use past experience to guide behaviour as well as a lack of coherant behaviour.
  39. 39What symptoms might a human with dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome (aka frontal dysexecutive syndrome) exhibit?Inability to react, loss of interest in the world and little spontaneity (motor abilities spared).
  40. 40Abulia is damage to...Lateral parts.
  41. 41The symptoms of abulia include:Being lethargic, withdrawn, answering questions slowly, easily distracted and apathetic.
  42. 42What kind of damage might make a person unable to deal with metaphors?PFC damage.
  43. 43The dorsolateral PFC deals with...3 components of exec control; initiating, inhibiting and simulating behaviour (not exclusive to this region).
  44. 44What are the 3 types of inhibiton?1) Restraining potentiated behaviour
    2) Preventing info from interferring
    3) Removing irrelevant info from WM
  45. 45Damage to the dorsolateral PFC can lead to perserveration. What does this mean?Pps continue to dismiss previously learn rules.
  46. 46The ability to recognise and create rules for behaviour that generalise is known as ?Simulation.
  47. 47The ventromedial PFC is important for ? and damage can lead to ?Important for obeying rules of behaviour- damage can lead to frontal disinhibition syndrome, lack of ToM.
  48. 48The lateral orbitofrontal cortex is important for ? and damage can lead to ?Important for estalishing links between stimulus and action- damage affects learning (reward contingency).
  49. 49Dorsolateral PFC and posterior parietal cortex are involved in the...Allocation of attention.
  50. 50? is activated when a set of possible behaviours are held in thought.Parietal cortex.
  51. 51Cingulate control systems are involved in...Engaging/disengaging the exec control systems.
  52. 52Damage to the anterior cingulate cortex does not effect the stroop test suggesting...It is involved in motivation more so than just the ability to inhibit inappropriate behaviours.
  53. 53According to Berstein, motor skills are...The ability to solve motor problems correctly, quickly, rationally and resourcefully.
  54. 54What are the 3 conditions of making a decision?1) Atleast 2 possible choices
    2) Expectations can be predicted by outcomes
    3) The value of the outcome can be assessed
  55. 55What is involved in making a decision?Exec control, cog processing, memort, reward, utility and probability assessment.
  56. 56The concept of rationality has arise from...Making a judgement based on value and utility.
  57. 57What do normative models of behaviour fail to predict?Real world behaviours such as gambling where the risks are high.
  58. 58Prospect theory is...A decision made when rewards/probabilities are known.
  59. 59Descriptive theory predicts...What people will do (not what they should do).
  60. 60Descriptive theory does not account for...Availability.
  61. 61Game theories...Evaluate actions/decisions of others.
  62. 62What are the 2 types of reinforcers?1) Primary- direct benefits
    2) Reward used to gain another
  63. 63What the the 2 main areas involved in the dopamine (reward) system?Substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area (midbrain).
  64. 64Dopamine activity may be an index to what kind of error?Reward prediction error.
  65. 65Does acitvity in the nucleaus accumbens increase or decrease with unpredictable reward?Increases.
  66. 66What is L dopa and who can benefit from it?Precursor for dopamine- can be given to patients with PD to help with their resting tremor.

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Flashcards on B&B TB9, created by ginakc22 on 17/05/2015.
Created by
ginakc22 · May 2015
Updated
Feb 3, 2018
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