Forensic Science - Chapter 1

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Introduction BIO 172
Amira Smith
Flashcards by Amira Smith, updated more than 1 year ago
Amira Smith
Created by Amira Smith almost 10 years ago
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Question Answer
Forensic science owes its origins to which individuals........ Bertillon, Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Osborn and Locard. (developed the principles & techniques needed to identify or compare physical evidence).
What is Forensic? 1. pertaining to, connected with, or used in courts of law or public discussion and debate. 2. adapted or suited to argumentation; rhetorical.
What is Forensic Science? - application of science to criminal and civil laws. -emphasizes the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. -Adversarial System
The CSI Effect.. What were the four problems ? 1. Unrealistic Timeline 2. Sample Collection 3. Personalized Crime Scene 4. Conclusion of evidence
The 3 Fold Effect on Juries of the CSI Effect: 1. Translation of Scientific Testimony for Juries 2. Juries Expect Better Results Than May Be Available 3. Views on Proper Investigatory Procedure
Scientific of a relating to the practice of science
Inquiry a close examination of a matter in a search for information or truth
Scientific Inquiry the ways in which scientists explore the natural word
Science a way of learning about the natural world -includes all of the knowledge gained by exploring the natural world. -the knowledge base is always growing and changing as scientists ask new questions and explore new ideas
Summarize the Scientific Method.... -Ask questions -Make observations / or influences -Develop hypothesis -Design experiments -Make measurements -Collect data -Interpret data -Draw conclusions -Communicate those conclusions
HOW DOES SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY WORK? HOW DOES SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY WORK?
Ask questions.. Scientific inquiry begins with a question or a problem
Make Observations and Inferences ... -Observations: using one or more of your senses to collect data -Inference: an interpretation of an observation that is base on evidence or prior knowledge -Data: facts, figures & other evidence gathered through investigation
Making Inferences this is only one of many possible interpretations of the observation.
Developing Hypothesis -Hypothesis: a possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question -a hypothesis must be something that can be tested -word as an IF....Then Statement -can be either supported or disproved
Designing an experiment to test a hypothesis -after you state your hypothesis, you must design an experiment to test it
Experiment Variables -Variable: factor that can change in an experiment -Manipulated (independent) variable: variable that is changed during ur experiment -Responding (dependent) variable: the factor that changes because of the manipulated variable
Controlled Experiment an experiment in which all of the variables except for one remain the same.
Making Measurements and Collecting Data -Scientists have developed a standard system of measurement called The International System of Units (SI) *why do scientists need a standard system of measurement?
Interpreting Data After data is collected, the data has to be organized and interpreted *What are some ways to organize data so it is easy to understand?
Drawing Conlcusions -After the data os organized and interpreted you must draw a conclusion *Does the data support your original hypothesis?
Communicating Findings -Scientists must communicate their finding to other scientist to contribute to the growth of the body of scientific knowledge
Scientific Theory: a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations -A theory is based on thousands of experiments done by different scientist -Future testing may prove a theory to be incorrect
What Makes Science "Forensic"? An experiment result has no standing until it is disseminated to the rest of the scientific community -by publication in peer reviewed journals -allows for experiments to be repeated and results reproduced
What Makes Science "Forensic"? Continued...... Data is generally not considered valid until it is reproduced by an independent source -a product of the scientific community, not individuals
Review of forensic experiments... -another analyst in the laboratory -an analyst assisting opposing counsel -expert witnesses
Review is necessary -to catch clerical errors -establish that conclusions are supported by data -limitations: time, personnel, budget, equipment
FORENSIC METHODS FORESNIC METHODS
1. State a hypothesis ( What is the question?) I think the bullet found on the scene came from this gun found two blocks away- did it? -You must be mindful of bias when formulating your question. Bias can cause the wrong question to be asked. ex: how did OJ kill Nicole and Ron? versus did OJ kill Nicole and Ron?
2. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis -compare the bullet microscopically with other test bullets known to have been fired from the gun -the test bullets are the reference sample to which the crime scene bullet will be compared
3. Make observations -photograph the bullet under investigation and the reference bullets through a microscope -record the number of common features -how many common features -where are they located -a general impression that they were the same or were not the same is not acceptable
4. Experiments Include Standards and Controls: Controls: -samples for which the results are known -show that the experimental system is working properly -properly calibrating a microscope so that the two bullets forced from the same gun can be matched up Standards: -devices with which the results of an experiment can be measured
5. Analyze and Interpret the data -Once the data is collected, it must be analyzed Bullet comparison; Analysis-scrutinze the marks to determine if any difference between the questioned and known bullet are not relevant to the comparison
6. Draw a conclusion At the end of the experiment the data must be summarized. Then a statement of the meaning or the data in the context of the hypothesis must be made: -the number of similar marks are sufficient to declare that both bullets came from the same gun
7. Define the next question -Getting answers to some questions - Plan the next set of experiments -Remember, in forensic, both time and sample are limited -Often conclusions are drawn from only one experiment with limited data -Its important to understand the limits of the systems being employed
CONTRIBUTORS TO FORENSIC SCIENCE CONTRIBUTORS TO FORENSIC SCIENCE
Mathieu Orfila a.k.a. MO The father of forensic toxicology
Alphonse Bertillion a.k.a. Al B Devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879
Francis Galton a.k..a Frank Conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification
Leone Lates a.k.a LL Developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains
Calvin Goddard a.k.a. Cal Use a microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet
Albert Osborn a.k.a. Bert Developed the fundamental principles of document examination
Walter McCrone a.k.a. Walt Utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence.
Hans Gross a.k.a Gross Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation
Edmond Locard a.k.a Ed Incorporated Gross' principles within a workable crime laboratory
Locard's Exchange Principle States that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE Pre-700 BC; Fingerprints are used on clay tablets for business transaction in ancient Babylon. 287-212 BC; Archimedes talks about being able to prove the crown was not made of gold using density and buoyancy
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 250 BC; Erasistratus, an ancient Greek physician, discovers that his patients' pulse rates increase when they are telling lies. (Allegedly the first lie detection test).
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1135; Story of Sung Tzu and the blood sickle. A murder was committed using a sickle. All those who owned a sickle were made to bring them out and lay them in the sun. Eventually flies gathered on one particular sickle, identify it as the murder weapon
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1447; The missing teeth of the French Duke of Burgundy are used to identify remains.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1590; The first microscope developed by Zacharias Janseen of Holland
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1609; Francis Damelle publishes the first treatise on systematic document examination
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1686; Professor of anatomy Marcello Malpighi notes in his treatise the ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1732; Luigi Galvani discovered that the human nervous system transmits information electronically (lie detector)
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1807; Forensic Science Institute opened at the Univ. of Edinburgh, Scotland
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1810; In Germany, the first document use of question document analysis occurs. A chemical test for a particular ink dye is applied to a document known as the Konigin Hanschritt.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1813; Matthew Orfila publishes his toxicology book and is considered the father of toxicology
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1835; Henry Goddard of Scotland Yard first uses bullets comparison to catch a murderer. The comparison was based in a visible flaw in the bullet, traced back to a mold.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1836; Method for detection of arsenic poison developed by James Marsh of England (Marsh Test), the first use of toxicology in a jury trail.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1839; Dr. John Davy recounts experiments with dead soldiers using a mercury thermometer. One of the first attempts to determine time since death using body temperature.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1839; H. Baynard publishes the first reliable procedures for the microscope detection of sperm, and notes the different microscope characteristics of various different substrate fabrics.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1856; Sir William Herschel uses thumbprints on documents both as a substitute for written signature and to verify documents signatures.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1859; Spectroscopy was developed by Kirchoff and Bunson
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC TIMELINE 1864; Ode
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