Flashcards
Horses
Cards in this deck (36)
- 1Viral foal diarrhoea aetiology?Rotavirus
- 2Clinical signs of endotoxaemia (30-120mins)Inappetence, yawning, sweating
Colic, ↓GIT sounds
Muscle fasciculation
↑HR, ↑RR, pyrexia
Hyperaemic mms, rapid CRT
Becoming duller - 3Signs of progressive endotoxaemiaCongested MMs, prolonged CRT
Toxic line
Normal/↓Temp
Progressive depression
Signs of hypodynamic shock/dehydration
Sweating, Diarrhoea
Haemostatic abnormalities
Signs of organ dysfunction/failure - 4Name 4 possible long term complications of endotoxaemiaLaminitis
Acute renal failure
Foetal death
Abortion - 5Haematology, Biochemistry and Clotting profile findings in endotoxaemia?Neutropenia, left shift, toxic changes
Hypoglycaemia, low TP, low Ca
Increased clotting time, low platelet count - 6Treatment of endotoxaemia (6)1. Remove source/Inhibit toxin release
2. Supportive care
3. Neutralise LPS
4. Inhibit inflammation or the specific inflammatory mediators
5. Inhibit cellular activation
6. Treat complications - 7Desmitis?Inflammation of a ligament
- 8Tenosynovitis?Inflammation of tendon sheath
- 9Suspensory ligament desmitis: treatment?Medical treatment:
Local infiltration with corticosteroid
Shockwave therapy
Surgery:
Fasciotomy
Neurectomy - 10Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: Clinical signs?Hair coat changes - Hirsutism
Weight loss
Lethargy
Laminitis
PU:PD
Hyperhidrosis (sweating)
Infections!! (immunosuppression) - 11With what specific tests can you diagnose PPID in the horse?Dexamethasone Suppression Test
TRH Stimulation Test
Combined Suppression/Stimulation Test - 12Which 2 drugs can you give to medically manage PPID?Pergolide
Trilostane - 13Which 2 corticosteroids would you consider in the tx of RAO?Fluticasone propionate: Most potent corticosteroid and auses least adrenal suppression
Beclomethasone dipropionate: Longer term control and cheaper - 14In the tx of RAO, apart from corticosteroids what other drugs would you use to relieve the clinical signs?Bronchodilators: Beta-agonists (e.g. Clenbuterol) and anti-cholinergics (e.g. Atropine)
Antibiotics if signs of secondaries
Mast cell stabilisers: Before exposure
Mucolytics: No evidence of efficacy - 15How would you diagnose Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD)?Endoscopy
Cytology of BAL - 16Differences between RAO and IAD?IAD affects younger horses and they will grow out of it; RAO >7yo
IAD less marked airway inflammation (less neutrophils) than RAO
RAO is for life; IAD is not
IAD no dyspnoea at rest - 17Ddx list for coughingRAO/SPAOPD
IAD
URT inflammation/irritation/trauma
Influenza, equine herpes virus etc.
EIPH
Strangles
Dysphagia
Bacterial/viral/parasitic pneumonia
URT/LRT foreign body
Neoplasia
Pulmonary oedema
Smoke inhalation - 18How would you get a definitive diagnosis of Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH)?Endoscopy (30-60 min post exercise)
BAL cytology: free red blood cells, haemosiderophages, +/- neutrophils - 19EIPH: Tx?Rest for 2-4 weeks
Tx IAD if present (often is)
Frusemide may reduce frequency but NOT BEFORE RACING! - 20What's the rule of thumb regarding rest in Equine Influenza patients?One week for every degree above normal (38)
e.g. 40 degrees --> 3 weeks rest - 21In the healthy horse all 4 heart sounds are audible, what are they?S1: AV valve closure (loudest)
S2: Semilunar valve closure
S3: Ventricular filling sound (soft)
S4: Atrial contraction - 22Most common non-pathologic dysrhythmias in horses?Second degree AV block
Sinus block
Sinus arrhythmia
Atrial premature contractions
Ventricular premature contractions - 23What type of dysrhythmia is this? Note 3 normals beats and then a beat with no conduction.Second degree AV block
Physiological block to maintain blood pressure homeostasis (BP maintenance) - 24What type of dysrhythmia is this? Note the SA node isn't firing at all!Sinoatrial Block
(says in the image)
Physiological - HR still acceptable, just missing the odd beat
- 25—Third degree AV block
PATHOLOGICAL!
(arrow points no normal complex)
Horse history of collapse
Dissociation between atria and ventricles
Poor CO
- 26—Ventricular premature contractions
Extra beat not in timing with normal rhythm = ectopic beat
Opposite orientation to the normal QRS complex
- 27Atrial fibrillation; true or false? a) Horse will have normal HR at rest b) Can be due to high vagal tonea) True
(dogs will be tachycardic even at rest)
a) True
- 28What would be your defibrillation therapy drug of choice?Quinidine sulphate
(anti-dysrhythmic) - 29Explain the murmur grades 1-6Grade I: Soft, audible after careful auscultation
Grade II: Faint but clearly audible
Grade III: Equivalent intensity to S1/S2
Grade IV: Increased intensity but no palpable thrill
Grade V: Palpable thrill
Grade VI: Audible anywhere on body with detectable thrill - 30Give examples of systolic and diastolic murmurs in the horseSystolic murmurs:
Tricuspid valve regurgitation
Mitral insufficiency
Ventricular septal defect
Acute onset following rupture of chorda tendinae
Diastolic murmurs:
Aortic insufficiency - 31What is the normal daily water intake for a horse?50ml/kg
- 32Normal USG for a horse?1.025 - 1.040
- 33How does the water deprivation test distinguish a psychogenic drinker from a horse with Cushing's?If psychogenic the USG will go back up to normal from <1.014 when water withheld
Will continue to stay <1.014 in Cushing's - 34Common exam Q What hormone assays can you perform to conclude whether a horse is a gelding or a cryptorchid?Testosterone: Measure levels before and after admin of hCG (high for a cryptorchid), unreliable in <18m, donkeys, wintertime
Oestrone Sulfate: Concentration of >400pg/ml indicates cryptorchidism unless if <3yo and donkeys - 35If retained testis is inguinal, what hormones can be administered to promote its descent?GnRH
hCG
LH-RH - 36—
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- BVMS CAS Flashcards on Horses, created by Marielle83 on 08/04/2016.
- Created by
- Marielle83 · Apr 2016
- Updated
- Apr 7, 2018
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