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Cards in this deck (60)
- 1ArmisticeAll the countries in a war decide to stop fighting
- 2Why did Germany want an armistice?Germany feared allied breakthrough. It had been abandoned by it's allies. The Kaiser abdicated and fled into exile.
- 3Terms of the armisticeGermany must: stop all fighting, withdraw troops from occupied countries and give up land won from Russia
- 4Woodrow Wilsonwanted a fair treaty to improve international relationships, to help keep the peace and prevent another war. Wanted an establishment of the league of nations and also wanted self determination. wanted an arms reduction as well as an end to secret treaties.
- 5Lloyd Georgehad just won an election on the promise to 'make Germany pay'. believed germany shoud be weakened but not punished too harshly. didnt want a league of nations as he didnt want britain to be told what to do. saw self determination as attack on british empire.
- 6Clemenceaustrong supporter of self determination, he wanted all nations to rule themselves. demanded reparations to help repair the damage. wanted germany to be broken into smaller states. wanted rhineland as independent country and to act as a buffer zone between france and germany.
- 7The Paris Peace ConferenceGermany must accept blame.
they were to pay £6,600 million in reparations. germany forbidden to have submarines or air force, navy of six battle ships and army of 100,000 men. no german army allowed in rhineland.
germany lost territory and their colonies given to britain and france.
no anschluss between germany and austria.
league of nations set up to avoid further wars. - 8attitudes towards reparationsusa: thought a ruined germany could be treat in future.
britain: needed germany as trading partner to fight communism, but also make germany pay.
france: wanted germany to pay and to have revenge - 9Attitudes towards territoryusa: didnt want to make germany weak, Wilson believed in self determination
italy: wanted territory in payment for fighting against germany.
france: wanted to carve germany so it couldnt be a threat
britain: wanted to keep germany economically strong but also wanted overseas territory. - 10attitudes towards league of nationsusa: wanted to replace empires with fairness and justness for all
franc: worth trying it if it would prevent another war
britain: happy with it as long as it didnt put britain under a threat as an empire. - 11treaty of st germainbroke up austro-hungarian empire. austria lost land to itaaly. austria only allowed 30000 trops. reparations, but collapse of austrian banks meant nothing was ever paid.
- 12treaty of neuillybulgaria lost land to greece and yugoslavia. bulgarias army limited to 20000. reparations of 1,000,000
- 13treaty of trianonhungary made independent but lost 2 thirds of land. hungarian army limited to 35,000. reparations- hungarian banks collapsed so nothing payed.
- 14treaty of sevresottoman empire broke up. lost european lands. turkey got some land amd control back again in treaty of aussane. no reparations
- 15reactions to versailles (france)not harsh enough. germany should have been split into pieces so no longer a threat
- 16reactions to versailles (britain)french made treaty too harsh. german economy damaged too badly. league and self determination might undermine british empire and encourage colonies to rebel.
- 17reactions to versaille (usa)too harsh and likely to drag usa into more wars. favoured britain too much.
- 18why did germany resent the treaty?demilitarization of rhineland made them weak. huge reparations, germany being punished. reduction in armed forces. 'war guilt'. germany not allowed to negotiate in the treaty, they said it was a 'diktat'
- 19league of nations- assemblyparliament of the league. every member country sent a representative. every member country had 1 vote. all decisions unanimous.
- 20league of nations- councilmade major decisions. met more often than assembly (5 times a year). 4 permanent members; britain france italy and japan. needed unanimous votes
- 21league of nations- membershipall nations invited to join apart from defeated powers, as well as russia cos of communism. usa refused to join.
- 22league of nations- elementspermanent court of international justice- formed to settle international disputes.
secretariat- group of civil servants that carried out administrative work of the league.
international labour organisation- aimed to improve working conditions around the world. - 23league of nations- slavery commissionaimed to abolish slavery and the practice of forced prostitution.
didnt stop slavery but did have some success as 200000 slaves freed in sierra leone - 24league of nations- refugee commissionsaimed to return 500000 first world war prisoners to their homelands.
was a success and commission continued helping refugees into the 30s - 25league of nations- mandates commisionsupervise the running of different mandates (countries and areas formerly ruled by defeated powers).
didnt work, commission didnt have the power make the ruling countries do what it wanted. - 26why didnt usa join the league?didnt want to be involved in european politics or/and dragged into any further european wars.
- 27problems with the leagueno army.
all decisions having to be unanimous made things hard to get done quickly.
britain and frnace dominated it.
sanctions difficult to enforce so countries couldnt be made to obey the league.
defeated powers unable to join the league so the league had developed kind of enemies.
no usa, most powerful and richest country not a member. - 28aaland islandscontrolled by finland but the people wanted swedish control. neither countries could make a decision so they asked the league for help.
decision was that they should remain with finland but no weapons should ever be jept there. both countries accepted decision. - 29corfumussolini invaded corfu in 1923, after 5 italian surveyors killed by greeks. britain and france keen not to upset italy, so greeks had to apologise and pay compensation before the italians withdrew
- 30international relations1923 france and belgium invade the ruhr as germany couldnt pay reparations. league of nations couldnt tell france to withdraw due to the treaty of versailles.
- 31dawes plan (1924)aimed to take germany out of hyperinflation. didnt want germany to crumble economically and start a revolution.
france and belgium must pull out of the ruhr.
reparations must be restructured to be more german friendly.
restructure of the weimar bank - 32locarno treaty(1925)germany allowed to join the league in 1926. series of agreements between countries on ways to protect borders and prevent wars.
everyone would use the league to resolve problems. - 33kellogg-briand pact (1928)62 countries pledged to stop using war, including germany and the us.all disputes settled in peaceful means.
usa couldnt join as not done through the league.
pact did not prevent build up to second world war. - 34the great depressionus economy collapsed and tension built again. usa stopped importing products and the depression spread around the world
- 35great depression impacts on europeus loaned millions of dollars to european countries for their war debts, after wall street crash usa wanted money back which was disaster for europe.
- 36great depression impacts on germanygermany economy was built on us loans. german unemployment reocketed and reparation payments stopped. hitler and the nazis came to power because they were able to exploit these economic hardships.
- 37great depression and the league of nationsleague depended on economic sanctions, but depression meant countries ddint want to damage trade with other countries. depression meant countries only had time for themselves and economic problems made countries more likely to go to war. so depression made the league less effective.
- 38manchurian crisis (1931-33)after an alledged attack by chinese soldiers on apanese soldiers, japan ivaded manchuria.
china appealed to the league of nations.
league told japan to withdraw its troops from manchuria.
japan ignored the league and invaded more of china. - 39causes of the manchurian crisisjapan didnt have very many natural resources; it imported most of its raw materials. it depended on manufacturing exports fro survial. usa stopped importing from japan. japan suffered terribly. manchuria had lots of raw materials so japan invaded.
- 40the manchurian crisis- failure of the leagueleague could do little- economic sanctions could not help because japan was already shut out from usa, its main trading partner. the league had no army. britain and france didnt want to take any action as it meant spending money.
- 41the abysinnian crisis (1935-36)mussolini wanted an african empir so he invaded abysinnia. abysinnian leader hailie selassie appealed to league so the league brought in economic sanctions for italy. behind the scenes britain and france did deals to give most of abyssinia to italy, as they wanted italy to be an ally against hitler.
- 42the abysinnian crisis- failure of the leagueleague got discredited. hitler could see the league was powerless. italy did a deal with nazi germany anyway.
- 43division of berlingermany and berlin divided into 4 zones. berlin deep in soviet controlled east germany. divided berlin gave usa a foothold in the eastern bloc. some germans in east germany did not like having a communist government. better jobs with higher wages in the west.
- 44division of berlin part 2easy to get to east germany once you had reached the western zones in berlin. many skilled workers left for the west leaving east with a sills shortage. this looked very bad for soviets as people clearly preffered west germany to east.
- 45leading up to the berlin wallussr could not allow germans to leave east germany through berlin, so announced that berlin was east german and that the western powers must leave the city in 6 months.
however, usa did not want to leave berlin but it didnt want to start a war, so usa suggested a conference. - 46the summitsfirst 2 summits went well, nothing agreed. third summit; us spy plane shot down over ussr, eisenhower refused to apologise and summit collapsed. final summit agreed due to new president but neither side backed down.
- 47berlin wallkhrushchev backed down and western powers stayed in berlin. berlin wall was then built in 1961. anyone trying to escape was shot and the wall stopped east germans leaving to the west.
- 48leading up to the cuban missile crisisrevolution in cuba set it against usa as usa refused to deal with new cuban government. usa attempted to bring cuba back into its sphere of influence, but cuba appealed to ussr for help with defence and the 2 countries started trading.
- 49bay of pigscia and cuban exiles attempte to invade cuba and assassinate its leader fidel castro. however this did not work and the americans were heavily defeated. this ended all chance of friendly usa cuba relationship. castro turned communist and cuba and ussr started building closer ties.
- 50cuban missile crisis; the discoverythe ussr saw cuba as fix to a key strategic problem, they would place misslies in cuba, as usa had missles in turkey. cuba saw these missiles as agod way to stop another us invasion. in 1962 us discovered these missiles
- 51cuban missile crisis; how should usa respond?options:
ignore missiles
do a deal and get ussr to withdraw from cuba in return for us withdrawing missiles in turkey.
invade cuba.
nuclear attack on ussr.
destroy cuban missile sites which could be done with airstrikes.
blockade cuba to stop any more missiles getting in.
warn castro that his actions put cuba in grave danger and hope that castro would pull out. - 52cuban missile crisis- 13 days16 oct- kennedy informed us planes have found missiles. 20 oct-kennedy decides against attack, orders blockade of cuba.
- 53cuban missile crisis- 13 days part 224 oct-cuba gets ready for invasion. khrushchev offers to remove missiles from ccuba if usa does same in italy and turkey. us spy plane shot down over cuba. dal set up in which usa would secretly withdraw warheads from italy and turkey. 28 oct-khrushchev agrees to deal:missiles withdrawn in return for usa agreeing never to attack cuba and taking its missiles out of italy and turkey
- 54cuban missile crisis- short term consequencescuba came out ok but let down by ussr allies. ussr looked weak as noone knew about usa withdrawals.
- 55cuban missile crisis- long term consequenceshotline agreement- created a direct communication link between washington and moscow. limited test ban treaty- both sides agreed to ban all nuclear weapons testing except fro underground tests. kennedy gave speech about common interests. ussr determined to catch usa in arms race and they did which meant that war MUST be avoided. khrushchev forced from power in 64
- 56impact of soviet rule on czechoslovakiaczechoslovakias economy and living standards declined. any opposition to communism was crushed. communism rule became very unpopular
- 57alexander dubcek68- dubcek became czechoslovakian leader. he was good friend of ussr leader brezhnev. communist and supporter of the warsaw pact but wanted to make communnism better and easier to live under. his reforms resulted in the prague spring- a period of increased political freedom in april 68. lots of criticism of communism resulted.
- 58dubceks reformsrelaxation of cencorship meant more freedom to say and write things even if critical of communism. more democracy allowed other parties alongside the communist party. more power given to czech parliament and soviet control was reduced.
- 59brezhnevs responsebrezhnev could not allow the reforms, as this could lead to break up of the warsaw pact. brezhnev failed to convince dubcek to stop reforms. august 68, ussr sent tanks to prague and dubcek arrested. czechoslovakia returned to soviet control.
- 60consequencesbrezhnev doctrine- ussr had right to invade any eastern bloc country that was threatening the security of the bloc as a whole. usa condemmed invasion but did not stop it as they feared war. western european countries started to declare themselves independent.
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- Flashcards on Untitled, created by alex_clark97 on 27/03/2014.
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