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| Question | Answer |
| Interest Group | Are groups of individuals or institutions with shared ideas or interests and combine their efforts to influence government position in favor of the interest of the group |
| Interest Group Classification | Associational and Non-Associational |
| Associational Classification | Have headquarters and boards and other official associations. Such as business organizations or universities and hospitals. |
| Non-Associational Classification | An unofficial gathering or group that bands together to achieve a similar goal. The nannies in the South who boycotted to attain civil rights is a good example. |
| Anomic Interest Groups | Are interest groups that are created in case of an emergency such as flood or fire. Concerned people will organize and help those in need. |
| Startegies of Interest Groups | Lobbying |
| Lobbying | Contacting government or elected officials to ask them to implement policies of the interest groups. |
| Grassroot Lobbying | Interest group doesn't lobby but organizes others to lobby for their interest. They could ask unions, or students or any other groups. An interest group is not involved only directing. |
| Political Campaign Involvement by Interest Groups | They brief candidates and force them to take a side that will be in line with their interest. Also, Campaign Contributions are used to get candidates who will protect the interest of the interests groups. |
| Bundling | Collecting contributions from different individuals and groups and make the candidate look like they are getting a lot of support |
| PAC Political Action Committee | A group of individuals or interests groups supporting the campaign and they will support the campaign but will work independently of the campaign. They want to help financially but don't want to let the campaign lose money |
| Soft MOney | Money is given to party instead of the candidates |
| Judicial Involvement of the Interest Groups | Interests groups who have lawyers and judicial power and submit studies to win judicial decisions in their field. They could also do class action suits which works for an entire group |
| 3 Interest Group Patterns | 1. Pluralism 2. Democratic Corporatism 3. State Apan |
| Pluralism | Interest groups represents the plurality in the society and cna represent different opinions in society |
| Democratic Corporatism | Corporations will invite interest groups to board meetings in order to accommodate the interest of interest groups. |
| State Apan | The state won't be influenced by interests group and they take a neutral position and decide in public interest |
| Political Parties | Are political organizations that work together and support their candidates to get elected and implementing the policies of the political party |
| Types of Political PArties of the WOrld | 1. No political Party 2. One PArty System 3. Two Party System 4. Multi Party System |
| The similarities of political parties | They are political organizations. In nondemocratic countries, one political party is in control of power and in democratic multiple party system but htere is one political party in control |
| Differences | Deomocratic countries parties are free and are able to choose theri own policies while they can't in a non-democratic party |
| Political Party outcomes | Democratic 1. 2 party Outcome 2. Multiparty Outcome Outcome (multiple parties have to form coalition) |
| Party Configurations | 1. Consensual Party Relations 2. Conflictual Relationship 3. Constitutional Relationship |
| Consensual Party Relatiosn (U.S. Briatin) | Parties have the same big picture (advancing economy, edu etc.) but differ on the ways to get there. |
| Conflictual Relationship | Representing different spectrum of opinion. Parties could be facist or communits etc. |
| Constitutional Relationship | Political Parties differ on major issues but they agree on procedures and protocols to solve problems and accept results. They also try to accommodate views |
| Characteristics of Political Parties in the United Staes | The US has a decentralized political party system. Counties Branches and States are more powerful than organization of the party. They are row based. People can vote whenever they want. No issues oriented parties |
| What do they offer to the voters | Politcal edu, linkage between gov and people. Oppotunites for voters to get government position. They also offer sense of belonging |
| Role of Third Parties | They have no chance of winning pres election but maybe local. They are options if voters don't want to vote for the large parties. They also have influence on major parties (Jill Stein) |
| Independent Voters | They always vote for either major party. Swing voters and sometimes independent candidates. But not set on a party. |
| Elections in democratic countries are characterized by | Free and fair elections. Gov can't imposed on people who they have to elect. Also, providing opportunities to contest election. |
| SIngle Member Plurarity | This system is applied in the U.S. U.S is divided by district and each has own election. The person who gets the most votes in district wins |
| Proportional Representation | The system of elections that is applied in Europe. On the day of the election, a voter will vote for a political party. Each party will support a list of candidates. They will see what percentage the party gets and then how many seats they will receive. |
| Cumulative Voting | For every candidate you will get a vote. You then vote for who want and can split up the vote. So if there is 5 candidate you have 5 votes and then you can give three to one and 2 to another. Highest votes wins |
| Single Transferable Vote | Voters choose candidates in nuerical order and whoever is number one wins. |
| Electoral COllege | Election Of U.S. president. Each state has a number of electors which is equal to the number of reps and senators. Then whoever wins the most districts gets the entire state except Nebraska and maine. Whoever gets most electoral votes wins |
| Democratic System of Governent | Its a form of government that is connected to people in terms of output and input. The interests of the people is paramount in this system. Changes are by the elections. |
| Nondemocratic Systems of Government | There is no connection between people and gov. People not self-governing and politcal party leads are in control or families etc. |
| Democratic Peace Theory | Kant made theory that democratic governments wouldn't wage war on each other. |
| Media in Developed countries | The media in developed countries is free and can be subjected to the influence of the government. Media is also owned by the private sector and they make their own independent news |
| Media in Developing Countires | Mostly owned by the government and gov sometimes tries to meddle. In developing countries it's up to the state to see what influence they will have on media |
| Models of Analysis | Are parameters that enable us to analyze international relations. :Realist Model Liberal Model |
| Realist Model | Pessimistic view on inter system because of the lack of world government |
| Liberal Model | Optimistic of international cooperation and emphasises international institutions. |
| International System till present | Before WW1 and ww2 we had the multipolar system. Afte WW2 and the emergence of US and USSR and their allies created Bipolar system. Question emerged after fall of USSR. Unipolar system is only power. Post ussr nonstate actors who are affecting Inter system |
| Joseph Night position on polarity | Militarily U.S. is unipolar. Economically multi-polar with emergence of others. |
| Cold War | Is the competition and conflict between U.S. and USSR and all their allies. Began after 1945 soviets tried to expand into eastern Europe and ended in 1991 after fall of USSR. |
| What is the impact of the Cold War presently | After collapse of USSR Russia cooperated with US and West but it reasserted position. This has created concern within the U.S. and with Us Russia relations. It also making military gestures in Ukraine and Syria |
| The Roles of IGO's | IGO's are political organizations of states and states hold exclusive membership in these organizations. UN is an example and they can invite NGO's. |
| The Roles of TNC | International Business which have resources assets and business across the borders of several states. TNC's are powerful in inter system. |
| The Role of NGO's | Private Political organizations and can be local or international. Deal with different topics. Follow the work of UN and help support UN |
| Globalization | Is the multi-faceted process of integration of the world states and societies. It's goals are to reduce barriers to ensure economic and technical cooperation etc. It's aim is for a Global Village. Elimination of all barriers beteen states |
| Globalization effect on sovereignty | Sovereignty is affected in poor states and not large ones. Developing states are in need of the investment and support from corporations and can't resist the trend of globalization. TNC' can have impact on prosperity of the state if they invest so nations lose power. |
| Prospects of Globalization | It depends on resolving disputes. With the cyber revolution, you are able to be connected to the world. Globalization is affecting sovereignty and helping illegitimate groups like terrorists are abusing globalization |
| Transnational Crime | A crime that is committed across borders could be organized. International Terrorism trafficking etc. |
| Manifestation of Transnational Crime | Crimes are underground and are secret illegal operations. One crime is money laundering and all other crimes are linked to this crime. They establish fake businesses and make their money look real |
| Efforts to fight Transnational Crime | International cooperation through exchange of information. US presses other countries to provide info on people in trade. UN has established legislation for TN crimes. Individually, Bilaterally regionally as well as global |
| Cyber threat to national security | It could constitute a threat to state because hackers could get the information or could harm interests of others. Most serious threats are groups of hackers or state sponsored hacking |
| The Bretton Woods system and impact on the world | The Us and Britain were concerned because they saw that the wars in the past all revolved around economic disagreements. They tried to establish IGO's to help states. They got IMF, World Bank. |
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | Created after the Bretton Woods System. the purpose of this was to reduce trade barriers and reduce tariffs or to eliminate and remove barriers between friends. Ended in 1994 and WTO took it's place |
| U.N. | Is the most important IGO in the world with main goals of maintaining inter peace and security and cooperation among states. Also upholds human rights of individuals and women |
| What is the structure of the U.N. | 1. General Assembly 2. Security Council 3. Trusteeship Council 4. ICJ 5. Economic and Social Council 6. Secretariat |
| Genral Assembly | All states have a seat in the assembly |
| Security Council | 5 permanent and 10 temp. Elected by general assembly. The temps are evenly given seats by pop in each continent. EU 2 S and C america 2 etc. |
| Trusteeship Counsel | Suspended |
| Economic and Social Council | Composed of 54 states and meets twice a year and deals with human rights social matters and education. They also deal with economics |
| ICJ | 15 justices and are voted in and they settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly. |
| Secretariat | Headed by secretary general and provides administrative services to U.N bodies. They are also given political status to press issues of concern. |
| Specialized Agencies of U.N | 1. IMF 2. World Bank 3. WTO 4. WHO 5. IAEA |
| IMF | 1) fiscal austerity or balancing government budgets by increasing government revenues or more commonly by reducing government spending, 2) reductions in government subsidies to domestic industries, 3) reduction of tariffs, quotas, and other barriers to imports |
| World Bank | Provide loans and aid to countries who are members of UN |
| WTO | Started in 1995 and main task to resovle disputes on trade to promote trade and to remove barriers |
| WHO | Indpenedent organization par tof UN and combats epidemics and other diseases and helps trin staff of staes and provides assistance to developing countries. |
| IAEA | They were made originally to get peacful use of nuclear energy but recently they hav e been concentraring on making sure nuclear programs are being used to make nuclear weapons |
| International Terrorism | Terrorism on the global scale. Acts of violence or threat of violence against people n order to promote religious political or social grievances and bring their grievances to light. |
| Why is terrorism a major threat | Becuase the terrorists aren't following the rules of combat and conduct. They kill civilians and have no rules which is dangerous |
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