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Neo-Behaviorism

The analyses of human behavior in observable stimulus-response interaction and the association between them (Demirezen, 1988, p. 136)

Skinner

Hull

Thorndike

Demirezen

Nick C. Ellis

McDonough

Collins, Trofimovich, White, Cardoso, & Horst

Aarts, Verplanken & Knippenberg

3 groups of variables: Input variable (stimuli might or might not turn into behavior. Output variables, define the responses. Intervening variables, scientific guesses about the events in the pocess between stimulus and response

-Laws of connection forming and laws of effect, (exercise and reward desirable connections; prevent or punish undesirable connections)

-It is believed that "practice makes perfect" but not at all.

-Without any passion or eagerness in the individual himself, exercising anything would be merly mechanical, useless and futile.

Promotion of an intrinsic motivation for language learning would not be ensured by an ephasis on habit formation practices.

-Reinforcement is better taht punishment

-Reinforcing is needed to conserve the durability of the response and attributes the response rate to the frequency of reinforcement received by the individual.

-A pesron must be able to execute and repeat a given act, and other behavior must not interfere appreciably.

-It is important the exposure to language, careful repetition of language constructions and meaningful practice for production.

-Language examples and patterns are importance

-multiple repetitions are also necessary for entrenched representation

-Form-focused instruction or consciousness might be useful

-Syntactic priming is the tendency of a speaker to produce a structure that was encountered in the recent duscorse rather than choose an alternative structure

-Once the learners are exposed to many instances of a certain language pattern, their ability to distinguish appropriate words that would fit in the lexical slots will imrove and eventually they will ascend to an automatic production stage in their language use

-Salience is the availability and accessibility of the target forms

-Saliency has an effect on learners' encounters with the input, the way they handle ambiguoty and their tendencies to distinguish among various meanings

-Once established, habitual behaviors no longer require a process of reasoning or planning to occur

-Retrieval speed for a certain behavior rises when that specific behavior is frequently exhibited in given situations

-Automatic retrieval in spoken interaction might not suffice for overall language ability