THE TWILIGHT YEARS--

THE TWILIGHT YEARS--

1. aging

   • physiological changes
     • endocrine system
       • hypothalamus
         • same hormones less respond
       • pituitary gland
         • become smaller
     • nervous system
       • loss of neurons
         • decrease brain size
       • loss of synaptic transmittion
         • Affect: smell vision taste hearing touch
     • Musculoskeletal system
       • muscles
         • loss of elasticity
         • variation of atrophy
       • bones
         • decrease bone density
     • Cardiovascular
       • thickening of heart valves
       • increase Blood pressure
       • loss elasticity
       • atherosclerosis
     • Respiratory system
       • decrease alveolar surface area
         • decrease gas exchange efficiency
     • Gastrointestinal
       • decrease motility
       • loss sphincter control
       • generalized reduction in hormonal release
     • urinary system
       • 50% decrease bladder capacity
       • incontinence
     • genital changes
       • male
         • andropause
           • gradual decrease in testosterone
         • decrease testes size
       • female
         • menopause
           • sudden drop in estrogen
         • decrease uterus size
         • thinner fallopian tube
         • more external genitalia infection
   • physical changes
     • skin
       • dry skin
       • wrinkles appear
       • nails thickening
     • increase weight
     • become shorter
     • big ears and nose
     • white hair
     • teeth loss

2. Geriatric pharmacology

   • absorption
     • decrease small intestine surface area
     • slow gastric emptying
     • increase gastric PH
   • hepatic metabolism
     • decrease drug CYP-450 enzymes
     • decrease clearance
     • decrease first pass
   • distribution
     • increase body fat
     • decrease body water
     • serum albumin decrease
   • excretion
     • decrease GFR
     • decrease tubular function
     • decrease creatinine clearance

3. Metabolism in Fed vs Fasting

4. nutrition in elderly

   • protein
   • calcium
   • iodine
   • iron
   • folate, Vit D & Vit
   • sodium
   • zinc

5. Health problems associated with aging

   • biological
     • diabetes
     • hypertention
       • cardiac hypertrophy
     • stroke
     • chronic bronchitis
     • osteoporosis
     • osteoarthritis
   • psychological
     • stress
       • depression
     • anxiety
     • dementia
     • substance abuse

6. challenges facing elderlies

   • financial issues
     • health care cost
   • loneliness
   • abuse or neglect
   • Falling
     • visual problems
     • foot problems
     • environmental hazards
   • suicide

7. epidemiology

   • elderly in UAE
   • obesity in UAE

8. obesity

9. society view of elderly

   • unproductive
   • burden
   • solution
     • pension
     • engaging in social activities
     • increase income tax
     • in UAE
       • old age homes
       • insurance
       • rehabilitation center

10. Functional assessment test

    • functional ability
    • physical health
    • cognition and mental health
    • socioenvironmental status

Images and files in the map