Alimentary lectures

Alimentary lectures

1. causes of prehension and mastication dysfunction

   • toxic
     • bones, wire, grass seeds and poor dentition
   • Trauma
     • corosive chemicals that can cause uremia
   • Neoplasms
     • Lymphosarcoma
     • fibrosarcoma
   • infectious
     • Bacterial
       • Actinobacillus ligniersi (wooden tongue)
       • Necrotic stomatitis/ calf diphtheria (Fusobacterium necrophorum)
     • fungal
       • Candida glossitis
       • Conidiobolus in horses
     • Viral
       • Feline rhinotracheitis virus
       • calicivirus
       • vesicular stomatitis (FMD and VS)
         • upper alimetary tract disease
       • Erosive stomatitis (BVDV, rinderpest, MCF)

2. Types of intestinal obstruction

   • Simple obstruction
     • Luminal FB (phytobezoar)
     • Impactions (sand)
   • close loop obstructions
     • external
       • umbilical hernia incarcerated
     • internal
       • incarceration through epiploic foramen
   • strangulation obstruction
     • small intestinal volvulus in horses
     • 540 degree colonic torsion
     • caecal torsion in cattle
     • left displaced abomasum
     • Gastric dilation volvulus (GDV) in dogs
     • right side abomasal torsion in cattle

3. clinical signs associated with intestinal obstruction

   • failure to pass gas and faeces
   • reduce/absent intestinal borborymi
   • abdominal distention
   • Tachycardia, hypovolaemia and endotoxic shock
   • changes in peritoneal fluid in horses
   • CHECK WITH ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND

4. Diarrhoea types

   • Malassimilation (maldigestion + Malabsorption)
     • overfeeding milk replacers to calves
     • Rotavirus in neonatal calves or foals
     • Parvovirus enteritis in young dogs
     • mALDIGESTION is caused by intact intestinal absorption capacity buy incomplete breakdown of molecules
     • MALABSORPTION is caused by failure to absorb nutrients due to villous atrophy
   • Secretion
     • Cholera in humans
     • ETEC (non-invasive)
   • changes in intestinal permeability
     • Acute intestinal inflammation
     • Chronic intestinal inflammation
   • changes in intestinal mobility
     • could be due to drugs etc; will cause reduced bacterial clearance leading to overgrowth causing malabsorption and D+
       • depression of gastric centres in CNS
       • lack of excitatory reflex inputs via tension receptors in the forestomach
       • Blockage of motor pathways
       • Increased inhibitory reflex inputs via epithelial receptors in forestomachs
       • cayse small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) can lead to BILE SALT DEPLETION, FALL IN COBALAMIN AND INCREASE IN FOLATE

5. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP)

   • sudden drop in milk production, anorexia, depression, fever, increase HR and RR, cranial abdominal pain
     • TEST WITH POSITIVE GRUNT TEST AND WITHERS PINCH TEST
     • Can lead to firinous pericarditis