Historical Tendencies on Social Sciences.

Historical Tendencies on Social Sciences.

1. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

   • Refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700
     • Science emerged as a distinct mode of inquiry in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries during this period.
   • Began with Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), who asserted a heliocentric cosmos.
   • It ended with Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Universe.

2. EMPIRICISM

   • Is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.
   • It is one of several views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along with rationalism and skepticism.
   • Emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in the formation of ideas, over the idea of innate ideas or traditions

3. RATIONALISM

   • Is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge or any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification.
   • Is defined as a methodology or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"

4. EVOLUTIONISM

   • Evolutionism is a world-view, which seeks to explain every aspect of this world in which we live.
   • It encompasses a wide variety of topics, from astronomy to chemistry to biology.
     • At its core, it teaches that there were different stages in the evolution of our universe

5. POSITIVISM

   • Is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.
   • Positivism also holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected, as are metaphysics and theology.

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