WHAT IS SCIENCE?

WHAT IS SCIENCE?

1. OBJETIVES

   • Know why is the science important for our lives
   • Know how sciences work
   • Know the limits of Science

2. SCIENCE LITERACY

   • To lead personally fullfilling and responsible lives
   • Help people develop the understanding and human habits to think for themself
   • The world depends lagerly on the wisdom with which humans use science and technology
   • The reason or argument to learn and to teach secience are;
     • To develop affective solutions to its gobal and local problems.
     • To foster the kind of intelligent respect for nature that should inform decision on the uses of technology
     • The ability to think critically.
     • Technological principles = feedback and control, the cost- benefit- risk relationship.
     • Technology provides the tools for dealing with such problems.

3. THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD VIEW

   • The world is understandable
     • The things and events in the universe occur in consistent patterns that are comprehensible
     • The use of the intellect, and instrument, people can discover patterns in all of nature
     • The universe is a vast single system in which the basic rules are everywhere the same
   • Specific ideas can change
     • Sciences is a process for producing knowledge
     • The process depend both on making carefull observations and on inventing theories
     • Change in knowledge is inevitable because new observations may challenge prevailing theories.
     • Adjust theories
     • If the theories can noy be assured the absolute truth, you can approximate
   • Scientific knowledge is durable
     • Scientists reject the notion of atteining absolute truth and accept some uncertainty as part of nature.
       • The modification of ideas
       • To make accurate predictions about natural phenomena provides convincing evidence that we really are gaining in our understanding of how the world works
       • The characteristic as change is, continuity, stability, confident and tentativeness

4. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

   • Need of evidences, blend of logic and imagination, to explain and to predict, to identify and avoid bias, not authoritharism
   • Scientific disciplines = evidence, hyphothesis and theories.
   • The reliance they place on historical data and qualitative or quantitative methods.
   • The exchange of techniques, information and concepts goes on all the time

5. SCIENCE DEMANDS EVIDENCE

   • To concentrate on getting accurate data
   • The evidence is obtained by observations in natural and artificial enviroments
     • Control the conditions can be impractical, unetical and suceptible to distort natural phenomena.
   • Observations = sense, instruments
     • Observe passively, make collections, and actively explore the world
   • The development of better observations tools and techniques is highly valued, and the findings of any researches or group are usually controled to others.
   • It must be done in a suficciently wide range of natural conditions to infer the ifluence of several fators.

6. BLEND OF LOGIC AND IMAGINATION

   • Hypotheses
     • What datta to pay attention, interpretation, look for more information.
     • The core activityies.
     • What evidence would support it and would refute it
   • The use of logic and the close examination of evidence
   • Inventing hypotheses = creativity
   • Knowledge and creativity = new discoveries

7. ETHICAL PRINCIIPLES IN THE CONDUCT OF SCIENCE

   • Limits of professional ethical behavior (traditions)
   • Some falsify their findings, harming the community and the agencies that fund the investigations
   • Modern scientific ethics = the health, comfort and well- being of animals
   • The long- term effect of science can be unpredictable
   • Potencial ris to humanity = scientific as a matter of ethics.

8. TRY TO IDENTIFY AND AVOID BIAS

   • What evidence supports a claim that something is true.
     • How the datta are interpreted, in the recording or reporting data.
     • Different interpretations ( sex, race, ethnic origin, age...)
   • The possible sources of bias and how bias is likely to influence evidence
   • Allert to possible bias in their own work

9. THE SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE

   • Has individual, social and institucional dimensions
   • Scientific activity

10. SCIENTISTS PARTICIPATE IN BOTH PUBLIC AFFAIRS AS SPECIALISTS ANS AS CITIZENS

    • Can provide information, knowledge and analytical skills to influence matters of public interest
    • Can help the public and its representatives understand the probable causes of events and estimate the possible effects of projection policies
      • Distinguishing facts from interpretation and research results from speculation and opinion

11. IS NOT AUTHORITARIAN

    • Well - informed information and opinion sources (revelant disciplines)
    • The difficulties in obtaining support for his reseach
    • Theories are judged by their results

12. COMPLEX SOCIAL ACTIVITY

    • Scientific work involves many people ( workers) doing different types of wor, they focus on scientific knowledge.
    • As a social activity, science inevitably reflect social values and points of view
    • Elaborate processes haven been developed to decide which research proposald receive funding.
    • Some sientists present their findings and theories in documents that are delivered at meetings or published in scientific journals.
    • The advantacement of information secience and the development of information technologies affect all sciences

13. EXPLAINS AND PREDICT

    • To make sense of observations
    • The theories should be solid and scientifically valid. and should adapt.
    • Credibility = relationship the ideas and theories.
    • The essence of science is validation by observations.
    • The predictivility power of a theory does not necessary require the predictions of events in the future but algo in the past

14. HOW IS SCIENCE ORGANIZED AND CONDUCTED?

    • The collection of all of the different secientific fields, or content disciplines
    • They provide a conceptual strucuture for organizing research findings.
    • Some disciplines grow and break into subdisciplines ( universities, industry and government)
      • University = knowledge for its own sake and practical problems.
      • Industries and bussinesses = directed to practical ends
      • The government = many national laboratories and research centers.
    • Private foundations and public- interest grouos, also support research
    • Funding agencies inluence the direction of science by virtue of the decision

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