Module 4: Corrections

Module 4: Corrections

1. History

   • Colonial Period: 1600s-1790s, based in Anglican Code, incorporated fines and corporal punishment, rooted in religious philosophies
   • Penitentiary: 1790s-1860s, isolation and labor, reformation via suffering, seperate and congregate
     • Pennsylvania System: seperate system, Quaker idea of reformation through isolation and repentance
       • New York System: congregate system, Auburn Penitentiary, isolated at night, work together during day
   • Convict Leasing: pre-Civil War South, "plantation model" of corrections, "Slavery by Another Name", African Americans intro corrections system for use as slave labor
   • Reformatory Movement: 1870-1890s, National Prison Association Meeting (seperation of sexes, indeterminate sentences), marks system
   • Rehabilitation 1930s - 1960s: progressive / judicial model, focus on environmental and offender rehab, rehab via: medical/psychological treatment, vocational training, education
   • Community Model 1960s-1970s: root in civil unrest, distrust of government (Civil RIghts Movement, Vietnam War), focus on reintegration
   • Crime Control 1970s-2000s: "Nothing Works" - Martinson, Get tough on crime (longer sentences, madatory sentences, VERY flawed, but works well

2. Inmate RIghts

   • Prisoner Rights Era 1960s - 1980s: begins with Cooper v. Pate, (end of "hands off" period, uses Civil Rights Act of 1871 to access federal court as a state inmate), Hands off: courst did not believe issues from corrections were not their problem/their jurisdiction
   • Community Corrections: conditions that supervision may supersede rights

3. Incarceration & Prison

   • Goals: custodial model, rehab model, reintegration model
   • Prison as Institution
     • Different than other organization / institution (clients not willing), cannot select clients, must rely on client for daily operation and compliance

4. Use of Force

   • Self - defense, defense of another, upholding prison rules, prevention of crimes / escapes

5. Doing Time - Classification: based upon: risk to security, education, ability to work

   • Elderly Inmates: increased costs due to medical needs, security needs, programming and environmental needs
   • Inmates w/ HIV and AIDS: may be low estimate due to testing, decline in AIDS related deaths due to treatment improvements, increased medical costs
   • Mentally Ill Inmates: increase use of prescription meds, influx of mentally ill into CJS, revolving door, costs, security, psychiatric units
   • Long - Term Inmates: 20+ years, transition intro elderly inmates, issues: mental health, programming, connection to community

6. Centralized & Decentralized

   • Decentralized: county funding, training county based, Indiana Centralized: probation combined with parole, ran by state gov. agency

7. Indeterminate Sanctions

   • By the Judiciary: restitution (paid to victim), forfeiture (anything purchased with illegal gains can be used by police if forfeited i.e. drug busts, vehicles)
   • By the Community: home confinement, community service, Intensive Supervision Probation, boot camps

8. Release Mechanisms

   • Expiration Release: completes maximum court sentence
   • Mandatory Release: maximum - good time, or a % of full sentence is served
   • Discrimination Release: Parole Board decision to parole supervision within indeterminate sentencing states
   • Other Conditional Release: furloughs, home supervision, probation, emergency release (terminally ill)

9. Parole Agents

   • As Cop: keep community safe, enforce conditions or release, may search w/o notice/warrant
   • As Social Worker: assist w/housing, employment, liasion b/w parole and the community

10. Juvenile Justice : status offenses ( b/c person is juvenile they will get in trouble where an adult wouldn't i.e. drinking, smoking)

    • Puritan Era 1645-1824: Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law, "evil child", discipline at hands of family
    • Refuge Period 1824-1899: Houses of Refuge / Reform Schools, child is helpless, requires supervision and care, same procedures used for adults
      • Juvenile Court Era 1899 - 1960: creation of seperate court system for juveniles, Illinois Juvenile Court Act, term "delinquent"
        • Juvenile Rights Period 1960 - 1980: refinement of the court process and rights of juveniles, counsel, face accuser, adequate notice
          • Crime Control Period 1980 - 2005: harsher punishments for juveniles, support of waiver to adult courts
            • Kids Are Different Period 2005 - present: rehabilitation of child, family

11. Module 2 Policing: Different Eras

12. Module 3 Courts: Indeterminate and Determinate Sentencing