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Appendicular system

Gillian C English

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Appendicular system

the rest of the skeleton that isn't axial (along the body's axis)
appendages of the axial skeleton
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
- connects each arm to the body
- connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium of the Sternum
- consists of 2 bones
  - clavicle
    - anterior side of shoulder
    - 3 regions
      - medial (sternal end)
        triangular shape
        articulates with the manubrium portion of the sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint
      - lateral (acromial end)
        articulates with the acromion of the scapula
      - shaft
    - morphological sex differences
      - in women
        shorter and thinner
        less curved
      - in men
        heavier and longer
        greater curvature and rougher surfaces where muscles attach
        more pronounced in manual workers
    - collarbone
  - scapula
    - posterior side of shoulder
    - supported by the clavicle which also articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint
    - shoulder blade
    - braod, flat triangles
    - subscapular fossa: anterior surface depression
    - 3 sides
      - superior border
      - medial (vertebral) border
      - lateral (axillary) border
    - corners
      - superior angle
      - inferior angle
      - lateral angle
        supports the glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)
        articulates with humerus
        to form shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint = shoulder)
    - coracoid process
      - hook-like
      - small and anterior
    - acromion
      - large and posterior
      - articulates with end of clavicle forming acromioclavicular joint
    - spine
      - ridge across posterior surface
      - divides supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
upper limbs
- 30 bones in each
- consists of bones of
  - arms (shoulder to elbow)
    - humerus
      - the only bone in the arm (brachium)
      - extends from scapula to elbow
      - head
        round, proximal portion that articulates with scapula
      - greater tubule
        rounded projection on lateral surface
        forms lateral contour of shoulder
      - lesser tubercle
        anterior, medial projection
      - intertubercular sulcus
        separates tubercles
      - anatomical neck
        marks extent of joint capsule
      - surgical neck
        corresponds to metaphysis of growing bone
      - shaft
        deltoid tuberosity
        large, rough elevation on lateral surface
        attaches deltoid muscle
        radial groove
        on posterior surface
        for radial nerve
      - medial and lateral epicondyle
        distal expansions for muscle attachment
      - condyle
        trochlea
        extends from coronoid fossa to olecranon fossa
        capitulum
        (forms lateral surface)
        radial fossa is superior
        articulates with ulna and radius
  - forearms (elbow and wrist joints)
    - ulna
      - olecranon
        proximal end-point of elbow
        forms upper superior lip of trochlear notch
      - trochlear notch
        articulates with trochlea of humerus
      - articulations between ulna and humerus
        at limit of extension
        olecranon swings into olecranon fossa
        at limit of flexion
        coronoid process projects into coronoid fossa
      - other articulations
        radial notch
        articulates with head of radius to form proximal joint
        ulnar styloid process
        head of ulna; attached to articular disc between forearm and wrist
        articulates with radius to form distal radio-ulnar joint
      - medial
      - coronoid process
        forms inferior lip of trochlear notch
    - radius
      - lateral
      - head of radius
        disc-shaped
        above neck
      - radial tuberosity
        below neck
        attaches biceps brachii
      - ulnar notch
        at distal end
        articulates with head of ulna
        radial styloid process
        on lateral surface
        stabilizes wrist joint
    - interosseous membrane
      - fibrous sheet
      - connect lateral margin of ulna to radius
  - hands
    - distal to the wrist
      - carpals (8 bones)
        4 proximal
        scaphoid
        near radial styloid process
        lunate (medial to scaphoid)
        triquetrum (medial to lunate)
        pisiform (anterior to triquetrium)
        4 distal
        trapezium (lateral)
        trapezoid (medial to trapezium)
        capitate (largest)
        hamate (medial)
      - metacarpals
        5 long bones
        articulate with proximal phalanges
      - phalanx
        finger bones
        pollex (thumb)
        2 phalanges; proximal and distal
        others
        3; proximal, intermediate (middle), distal
pelvic girdle
- strong to bear weight and provide motility
- 3 fused bones
  - ilium
    - greater sciatic notch
    - arcuate line
    - iliac crest
    - iliac fossa
  - ischium
    - ischial spine
    - ischial tuberosity
    - ischial ramus
  - pubis
    - inferior pubic ramus
    - superior pubic ramus
    - pubic symphysis
    - obturator foramen
- each hip bone is attached to axial skeleton via its attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column
- right and left hip bones converge anteriorly to attach to each other
- bony pelvis is entire structure formed by the two hip bones, sacrum and attached inferiorly to sacrum (the coccyx)
- acetabulum
  - socket on lateral surface of each hip bone
  - lunate surface articulates with head of femur
  - meeting point of ilium, ischium and pubis
- acetabular notch
  - a gap in the ridge
    - forms margin of acetabulum
lower limbs

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Description: Mind Map on Appendicular system, created by Gillian C on 09/05/2019.
Created by: Gillian C
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Appendicular system

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