Cross Education

Cross Education

1. Historic Landmarks

   • Hadden & Speakman, 1975 - scripture et al 1894 first series of cross education - DeLorme 1945-unilateral progressive resistance type exercise resulted in increased strength in contralateral limb

2. Clinical Relevance

   • Neuological Loss of Function on one side, ex. stroke (Urbin, 2015)
   • Limb Immobilization

3. Terminology

   • Cirer-Sastre,2017 - cross transfer, cross-over effect, cross-exercise, contralateral learning, contralateral training, interlimb transfer, cross-education

4. Mechanism

   • Neural Adaptation
     • Cross-activation hypothesis
       • Interhemishperic inhibition
         • Hortobagyi, 2011
       • supportive studies
         • Types of studies
           • Lee, 2010 - summary of prior studies of cross limb transfer -
             • Mirror Tracing- Cook 1933/ pursuit tracking- Hicks 1983/ Serial reaction time task - Perez 2007/ Maze Tracing - Van Mier and Peterson 2006
       • Studies
         • Upper
           • distal
             • Lee, Hinder, Gandevia, & Carroll, 2010
             • Veldman et al., 2015 - wrist
         • Lower Limb
           • Proximal
             • Hendy, 2017 - quad
           • distal
             • Noble, 2014 - plantar flexion
     • bilateral access hypothesis
       • supportive studies
         • Parlow and Dewey, 1991 - 5-key sequential finger-tapping task
         • Ruddy & Carson, 2013
       • Motor Endgrams (Josselyn, 2017)
     • Veldman et al.,2015 - somatosensory electrical stimulation, not additive to motor practice in cross education
   • Muscle Adaptations
     • Cirer-Sastre, 2017 - neural rather than muscle adaptation

5. Age Effects

   • Reissig, 2015 - study on different effects of age on cross education