CRITERION A

CRITERION A

1. Contraceptive methods

   • Hormonal
     • Birth control implant
       • The birth control implant is a tiny, thin rod about the size of a matchstick, this implant is placed underneath the skin of the arm
     • Birth control shot
       • The birth control shot is a hormonal injection that prevents unplanned pregnancy for three months, and the hormone in this shot is progestin
   • Non-hormonal
     • IUD
       • The IUD is a tiny device that it is put into the uterus to prevent pregnancy, it can be remove when you want and depending of the type of IUD the days that it works
     • Condom
       • Condoms are thin pouches that keeps the sperm to get into the vagina, it is made of latex and prevents many STDs if they are used correctly
   • Differences between hormonal and non-hormonal
     • Non-hormonal contraceptive methods have a lower risk of STIs, and hormonal contraceptive methods don't protect against STIs
       • Using hormonal contraceptive raise the chances for blood clots or breast cancer, or cause side effects like mood swings or weight gain. But non-hormonal doesn't change or raise the chances of the side effects that hormonal contraceptive methods have
         • Also, the hormonal contraceptive method causes that you're concerned about passing hormones to the baby through breastfeeding
     • Using non-hormonal contraceptive methods are more expensive, since it can be used once. But hormonal contraceptive methods can be used for weeks, years and they continue working and it doesn't need to be change every time they are having sex
       • Other disadvantage of non-hormonal is that some women are allergic to latex. But in hormonal method they aren't.
         • Also the non-hormonal method disrupt sexual activity as it needs to be put on just before penetration, and non-hormonal doesn't interrupt the moment
           • Some of the disadvantages of using hormonal contraceptive methods are that not all the women can use them for many reasons, such as: health reasons, breastfeeding, etc. But in non-hormonal contraceptive methods the majority of people can use them.
             • Non-hormonal methods do not protect against sexually transmitted infections or HIV.

2. Menstrual cycle

   • Phases and hormones
     • Menstruation (days 1-5)
       • Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus, in other words endometrium form the body through the vagina, the menstrual fluid contains blood, mucus and the cells from the lining of the uterus.
     • Ovulation (days 15-16)
       • This phase happens when the ovary releases that mature egg down the fallopian tube on its way to fertilization, this process takes around 24 hours or less.
     • The follicular phase
       • The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends when they start to ovulate. The hormone stimulates the ovary to produce around five to 20 follicles. The egg-containing pods called follicles ripen and one of the eggs matures.
     • The luteal phase
       • The follicle that released the egg produces hormones, that thicken and ripen the uterus to ready it for pregnancy.
   • Effects on uterus
     • The uterine cycle includes the increase in the endometrium in preparation for implantation and the shedding of the lining following lack of implantation termed menstruation. It is scientifically checked that the uterus does not grow during menstruation.
   • Effects on ovaries
     • The ovulatory phase begins with a surge in lutrophin hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Luteinizing hormone stimulates egg release (ovulation), which usually occurs 16 to 32 hours after the surge begins. The estrogen level decreases during the surge, and the progesterone level starts to increase.

3. Human reproductive system

   • Male function
     • It produces, mantains, and transpor sperm (male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen). Also function to discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during having sex. Finally, it produces and secretes male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the male reproductive system.
   • Relationship
     • "The reproductive systems of the male and female have some basic similarities and some specialized differences. They are the same in that most of the reproductive organs of both sexes develop from similar embryonic tissue, meaning they are homologous. Both systems have gonads that produce (sperm and egg or ovum) and sex organs. And both systems experience maturation of their reproductive organs, which become functional during puberty as a result of the gonads secreting sex hormones."
   • Male
     • Scrotum
       • Sac that holds the testis outside the body
     • Sex glands
       • Forms semen
       • Releases fluids that nourish and protect the sperm
     • Urethra
       • Tube that carries sperm and urine out of the body
     • Sperm duct
       • Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
     • Penis
       • Male sex organ
       • Deposits sperm in the vagina during sexual intercourse
     • Epididymis
       • Stores the sperms that are produced
     • Testis
       • Produces sperms
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   • Female
     • Ovary
       • Produces sex hormones and ova
     • Fallopian tube
       • Tubes that carry the ovum to the uterus
     • Vagina
       • Where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse
     • Cervix
       • Neck of uterus which widend during childbirth
     • Uterus
       • Structure where fertilised ovum will be implanted in
       • Where the embryo develops during pregnancy
     • Female function
       • The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes, it is designed to transport the ove to the site of fertilization. the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate. In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

4. STD's Papillomavirus

   • Transmitted
     • HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection, but HPV can also be spread through oral, vaginal, or anal sex.
   • Symptoms
     • The common symptom of some types of HPV are wart, but they are especially genital warts. For example, other warts that are associated with HPV are on plantar, flat warts and common warts.
       • Common warts
         • They are rough and most commonly found on the hands, fingers and elbows.
       • Flat warts
         • This type of warts generally affects childre, teenagers and young adults. They appear as: "flat-topped, slightly raised lesions that are darker than normal skin color and are most commonly found on the face, neck, or areas that have been scratched."
       • Plantar warts
         • They are hard and it appears on the balls of the feet or on the heels.
   • Treatments
     • The different types of HPV will have different symptoms, it can lead to genital warts and cancer. For this virus, there is not any treatment, but the symptoms can be treated. To prevent contracting this virus is through the HPV vaccine.

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