Methods/Technique

Methods/Technique

1. Classification

   • Classical Characteristic
     • Morphological Characteristic
       • easy to study and analyse
       • structural features
       • genetically stable
       • Examples
         • Cell types
           • Prokaryotic/Eucaryotic
         • Staining behaviour
           • Type of cell wall
           • Gram +/=
           • Acid fast stain
         • External structures
           • Shapes
           • Flagella
         • Cellular Inclusions
           • Inclusion granules
           • Endospores
           • Contractile Vacuole
         • Cellular Grouping
           • Long necklace-like chain
           • Staphylococcus
     • Physiological & Metabolic Characteristic
       • Related to nature
       • Activity of microbial enzymes and transport protein
     • Biochemical Characteristic
       • Identify differences in
         • Chain length
         • Degree of Saturation
         • Branched chains
         • Hydroxyl groups of fatty acids
     • Ecological Characteristic
       • Microorganisms that differ to ecological characteristic
         • Temperature
         • pH
         • oxygen
   • Molecular Characteristic
     • Comparison of Protein sequences
     • Nucleic Acid Base Composition
     • Nucleic Acid Hybridization
     • Nucleic Acid Sequencing
       • Sequence of rRNA
     • Genomic Fingerprinting
       • MLSA
       • RFLP

2. Identification

   • Microscopic Examination
     • Types of Microscope
     • Types of Strain
   • Growth & Biochemical characteristics
     • Depending on types of microorganisms
       • Virus
       • Fungi
       • Parasite
       • Bacteria
   • Immunologic Test
     • For unsafe microorganisms
     • Sensitive & Specific
   • Bacteriophage typing
     • Phage is specific
     • Virus attack bacteria
     • More clear zone = more virus
       • Bacteria is susceptible
   • Antibiotic Susceptibility test
     • Determine the pattern of resistance/susceptibility to antibiotics
       • methods
         • Dilution Susceptibility test
         • Agar dilution test
         • Disc diffusion test
   • Molecular Methods
     • Nucleic Acid Probes
       • Short sequence of DNA
       • Known as Ribotyping