Algoritimos

Algoritimos

1. Entender

   • As we realized by the name of this step, we have to collect all informations about the problem that we want to solve.

2. Planejar

   • This step consists in find out the best way to solve the problem, may be sharing this problem into problems smaller, searching by the problems equals, creating a fluxogram among other solutions to solve this problem.

3. Executar

   • This step consists in perform the plan made in previous step with efficiency.

4. Verificar

   • In this step we have to verify all of issues that we passed through to solve the problem.

5. Validação Algoritimos

   • Interpretadores
     • They are the programs which interpret and execute directly the code and shows the results on the screen.
   • Compiladores
     • These programs will codifying the code into a executable to show the results of programming.

6. Representação de Algoritimos

   • Linguagem Natural
     • The Natural Language is the way of us communicate in our day life. Our language is full of ambiguity, so if we use this method to create the algoritim, we have to use short phrases, just one verb at the sentence, avoid the ambiguity and discriminate all steps.
   • Linguagem Gráfica
     • The Graphic Language consists in way to express a process through the drawing, like in a montage manual of mobile. 
     • Fluxograma
       • Basically is a geometric representation of sequential tasks that have to be done.
   • Pseudolinguagem
     • It was created to be the language between the natural language and programming language. It is a language to be used to help understand how the algorithm works.

7. Lógica

   • It study the structure of thoughts and the usage of  logic to solve issues.

8. Lógica de Programação

   • It is the aplication of concepts of logic in a programming language.

9. Programa

   • Program is an algorithm written with programming language that has the entry and exit of data.

10. Estrutura Sequencial

    • The sequential structure is defined by the sequence of processing which the computer has to do to solve the problem. This sequence follows this scheme: Input - Processing - Output.
    • comandos Inicio e Fim
      • Every code has to have a start and finish code. In UAL language starts the new program using the term "progr" and finish the progran with "fimprog", as in "C++" starts the program with "int main() {" and finish it with "}". Already in Fluxogram begins with a rectangle with borders rounded and finish it with another rectangle.
    • Variáveis
      • One Variable is a data alocated inside the memory which can be manipulated and have your values changed. The value associated to this variable depends of kind variable which will be used.
      • Tipos de Dados
        • Like in math with your natural numbers, integer numbers, real numbers, complex numbers and yours usability as division, multiplication, addition and subtraction, the variables have the yours. Integer numbers - C++ - int Character - C++ - Char Logic - C++ - bool
    • Declaração e Atribuição de Variaveis
      • Before we use the variable, it's necessary to inform the computer which variable we will use, the computer will reserve the memory's space and location which the variable will be using. Every kind of variable has your attribute being impossible to put broken values to integer variables. To declare the variable uses the sintaxe - "tipo <nome da Variavel>". In C++ would be "int varInteiro" or "boll varLogico"
    • Comando de Entrada de Dados - LEIA
      • This command is responsible by read a variable's content to insert into the algorithm. There's a code reserved to this function. This command read may catch the data inserted by keyboard and present on a output device, like printers and monitors. Example of sintaxe  C++ - cin>> nome_da_variavel; UAL - leia nome_da_variavel;
    • Comando de Saída de Dados - IMPRIMA
      • To execute a write command bound to one variable the computer take the information storaged into a memory and present in the default output device, in some cases the monitor. This command can have more than one kind of data in the same line. We can put together int or real with the texts, for instance: C++ cout << "este texto precede a variavel" << varNome; UAL imprima "texto que precede a variavel", varNome; 
    • Operadores aritiméticos e Lógicos
      • Operadores Aritiméticos
        • The arithmetic operators are the same that we use in math, following the same rules to solve each question, being necessary the use of "()" to restrict the group if you want to solve it in first. C++ / UAL >> -, +, / , *, %.
      • Expressões Relacionais
        • It's very used in computational algorithm, it make a realtion between two variables, it's very important to consider that every variables has to be the same kind. This expressions generate a false ou true result. IT can be represented by signals: <, >, ==, >=, <=, !>.
      • Expressões Lógicas
        • These expressions which the result is a true or false, uses the symbols : ! - Negation (NOT) && - Conjunction (E) || - Disjunction (OU) ^ - Exclusive disjunction (XOR) Example - If you have a VarNumber = 0 Int main () {varNumber == 0; cout << (!varnumber); } Although the variable is false the result of this logic problem will be true, because the false agree with the logic operation.

11. Estruturas de Decisão

    • It's structures that execute a algorithm through conditional. This conditional, known as IF, inform to computational algorithm what path follows.
    • Condicional Simples
      • Int main() {   if () {      } }
    • Condicional Composta
      • int main() {    If () {    } else {    } }
    • Condicional Aninhada
      • int main() {    If () {             if () {            } else {         }    } else {   }}
    • Condicional Multipla
      • switch (Variable):    case valor 1 = command;    break;    default valorN = command;    break;

12. Estruturas de Repetição

    • Caracteristicas da estrutura de Repetição
      • Pré-Testada Pós-Testada Variavel de Controle
    • Variavel de Controle - FOR
      • for (valor inicial; <Expressão teste; Incremento) { } for (i=0; i>=10; i++){ }
    • Pré testada - While
      • while (condição) { } while (i >=10){ }
    • Pós testada - DO WHILE
      • do { } while (i >=10)
    • Indicação para o uso do - FOR
      • Uses for when the repetitions will be known.
    • Idicação para o uso do - WHILE
      • Uses when the repetitions will be unknown
    • Indicação para o uso do - DO WHILE
      • Also used when the repetitions being unknown, but the first verification occurs after the command.