THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE

THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE

1. concept

   • Mental category used to classify an event or object according to some distinguishing property or feature.

2. basic concepts

   • have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances

3. prototype

   • an especially representative example of a concept

4. proposition

   • a unit of meaning that is made up of a concept and expresses a single idea

5. cognitive schema

   • an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world

6. mental image

   • mental representations that resemble objects they represent by directly reflecting the perceptual qualities of the thing represented

7. subconscious processes

   • Mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary

8. nonconscious processes

   • mental processes occurring outside of and not available to the conscious awareness

9. implicit learning

   • learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition

10. reasoning

    • the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence

11. algorythm

    • A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

12. deductive reasoning

    • a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises;if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true

13. inductive reasoning

    • the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusion to be false

14. heuristic

    • rule that is generally, but not always true that we can just to make a judgement in a situation

15. dialectical reasoning

    • Reasoning that involves critically thinking about problems and evaluating conflicting viewpoints. Consists of moving back and forth between contrary lines of reasoning, using each to cross-examine the other.

16. affect heuristic

    • The tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.

17. availability heuristic

    • The tendency to estimate the probability of a certain condition or event based on how many similar instances we can recall

18. framing affect

    • tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented

19. hindsight bias

    • people's tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome

20. confirmation bias

    • a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

21. mental set

    • a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

22. cognitive dissonance

    • A state of mental discomfort arising from a discrepancy between two or more of a person's beliefs or between a person's beliefs and their behavior.

23. post decision dissonance

    • A feeling of anxiety over whether the correct decision was made.

24. justification of effort

    • the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain

25. intelligence

    • Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

26. psychometric approach to intelligence

    • direct measurement of knowledge, mental abilities, attitudes, and personality traits in individual.

27. factor analysis

    • A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

28. g factor

    • The notion, of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability.

29. mental age

    • measures of intelligence test devised by chronological age/ corresponding level of performance

30. IQ

    • a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100

31. stereotype threat

    • the experience of anxiety in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their group

32. triarchic theory of intelligence

    • View of intelligence; proponents argue that that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative, and practical abilities.

33. metacognition

    • Literally "thinking about your thinking." It refers to monitoring or being conscious of one's own thought process. It includes self-talk and self-monitoring of thoughts and actions.

34. tacit knowledge

    • Subjective knowledge that is based an individual's experiences

35. emotional intelligence

    • the ability to accurately identify, assess, and understand emotions, as well as to effectively control one's own emotions

36. cognitive ethology

    • the study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals

37. theory of mind

    • people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict