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1. Charles Murray

   • Gives a cultural explanation of poverty and the underclass
   • Underclass represents poverty which is rooted in undesirable attitudes, illegitimacy and crime and unemployment
   • Critics accuse Murray of 'Victim blaming'.
   • Benefits system needs to be changed e.g. reducing welfare benefits to force members of underclass to take on more responsibilities.
   • Harvey and MacDonald (Teeside- 2000) tested murray's views that the underclass have different views to mainstream society.
     • Majority of underclass DO have conventional aspirations

2. Stephen Craine Sceptical of view that there is an underclass in society. Most studies show little evidence of 'worky-shy', criminal young people.