Mind map

Laila has a pain in the arm

amna mohd English

Map content

Anatomy of the forearm
- Anterior Compartment
- Posterior compartment
Dermatomes
Pain
- Pain perception could be influenced by:
  - Behavioral responses
  - Emotional reactions
  - Past or present experiences
- Localization of Pain
  - Cutaneous Pain
  - Deep Somatic Pain
  - Psychogenic Pain
  - Visceral Pain
- Types of pain
- Stimuli Excite Pain Receptors
  - Thermal
  - Mechanical
  - Chemical
- Pattern of pain perception
  - 1. Transduction
  - 2.Transmission
  - 3. Central processing
  - 4. Modulation
- Pain receptors - Nociceptors
  - Sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue
  - Free nerve endings with large receptive fields
  - Found in the skin , muscle, joints, bone and viscera.
  - Hyperalgesia
  - No nociceptors are found inside the CNS.
- Treatment
  - NSAIDs
  - Acetaminophen
  - Antidepressants
  - Anti-seizure medications
  - Steroids
Psychological aspect
- Psychological effects of pain
  - Increase in negative feelings
  - Pain and depression
  - Pain catastrophizing
  - Social stigma
- Psychological management of pain
  - Relaxation Techniques
    - Relax muscle groups one at a time
    - Learn and remember what relaxation feels like
    - Practice and repetition
    - Used for stress and anxiety
    - Combine with deep breathing exercises
  - Cognitive Therapy = Distraction or diversion of attention
  - Biofeedback = Provides bio-physiological feedback to patient about bodily process
  - Hypnosis = a technique to help a patient reach a focused state
Shingles
- What is it?
  - An infection of a nerve area caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It causes pain and a rash along a band of skin supplied by the affected nerve.
- Risk Factors
  - History of having had chickenpox
  - Being older than 50
  - Undergoing cancer treatments
  - Taking certain medications
  - Having certain diseases (Such as HIV\AIDS)
- Signs and symptoms
  - Pain, burning, numbness or tingling
  - Sensitivity to touch
  - Sensitivity to light
  - Fatigue
- Pathophysiology
- Complications
  - Vision loss of eye problems
  - Neurological problems
  - Skin infections
  - Scarring and skin discoloration
  - Bacterial infection of the blisters
  - Post herpetic neuralgia
    - Pain that does not go away within 1 month. It may last for months or even years after shingles heals
    - Types of this pain experienced
      - Constant burning, aching, throbbing, stabbing, or shooting pain
      - Allodynia
      - Hyperalgesia
- Prevention & Treatment
  - NSAIDs
    - Usually used for the treatment of acute or chronic conditions where pain and inflammation are present.
    - Mechanism of action
      - COX 2 Is inhibited.
      - Cox1 and 2 are enzymes that produce prostanglandins (are produced from arachadonic acids)
    - Side effect
      - Nausea
      - Vomitting
      - Diahrrea
      - Constipation
      - Decreased appetite
      - Rash
      - Dizziness
      - Headache
      - Drowsiness
    - Types