Back pain

Back pain

1. Anatomy of the Vertebral Column

   • bones
     • cervical vertebra
     • thoracic vertebra
     • lumbar vertebra
     • sacral vertebra
     • coccyx
   • joints
     • Intervertebral Discs
       • annulus fibrosus
       • nucleus pulposus
     • types
       • Zygapophyseal Joints
       • Atlanto Occipital Joint
       • Atlanto Axial
   • Ligaments
   • muscles
     • SUPERFICIAL LAYER
       • Trapezius
       • latissimus Dorsi
       • Rhomboideus major
       • Rhomboideus minor
       • levator scapulae
     • INTERMEDIATE LAYER
       • serratus post. superior
       • serratus post. inferior
     • DEEP LAYER
       • Splenius
         • capitis
         • cervicis
       • Erector spinae
         • spinalis
         • longissimus
         • Iliocostalis
       • Transversospinalis

2. causes

   • Muscle or ligament strain
   • Bulging or ruptured disks
   • Arthritis
   • Skeletal irregularities
   • Osteoporosis
   • LUMBAR DISK DISEASE
   • DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
   • REFERRED PAIN FROM VISCERAL DISEASE

3. Risk factors

   • Age
   • Lack of exercise
   • Excess weight
   • Carrying too much weight
   • arthritis
   • cancer
   • Improper lifting
   • Psychological conditions

4. Investigation of back pain

   • HISTORY
     • Onset of pain
     • Location of pain
     • Type and character of pain
     • Aggravating and relieving factors
     • Medical history
   • PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
     • tenderness
     • Pain with simulated testing
     • Inconsistent responses with distraction
     • Nonorganic regional disturbances
     • Overreaction
   • LABORATORY TESTS
   • RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
     • MRI
     • CT SCAN
     • BONE SCINTIGRAPHY
   • Visual Analogue Scale

5. Psycho-social impact on complience

   • drug adherence
     • ability and willingness to follow recommended health practices.

6. sciatica

   • pain caused by irritation of the sciatic nerve
   • Causes
     • Lumbar Bulging Disc or Herniated Disc
     • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
     • Spondylolisthesis
     • Trauma
     • Piriformis Syndrome
     • Spinal Tumors
   • Sings and symptoms
     • Shooting pain from the lower back, through the buttock, and down the back of either leg
     • Numbness in the leg along the nerve
     • Tingling sensation
   • Complications
     • Loss of feeling in the affected leg
     • Weakness in the affected leg
     • Loss of bowel or bladder function

7. Physiotherapy

   • Herniated Disc Sciatica Management
   • Spinal Stenosis Sciatica Management
   • Piriformis Syndrome Sciatica Management

8. Alternative therapy

   • dietary supplements
   • megadose vitamins
   • herbal preparations
   • special teas
   • massage therapy
   • magnet therapy
   • spiritual healing

9. Surgical Intervention

   • Sciatic Nerve Decompression
   • Microdiscectomy & Discectomy
   • Laminectomy or Laminotomy

10. physical examination

    • general
      • look
      • feel
      • move
    • special tests
      • Straight leg raising
      • abdominal exam
      • femoral nerve stretch test
      • schober's test
      • the lower limb neurovascular status
      • the upper limb neurovascular status

Images and files in the map