What speakers know

What speakers know

1. extralinguistic knowledge

   • background knowledge / topic knowledge
     • reflects the assumptions that are made
   • context knowledge
     • refers to the immediate context
       • this, that, there, ...
       • it, he, she, ...
   • familiarity with the other speakers
     • influences the degree of formality
   • sociocultural knowledge
     • speaker is familiar with the culture and costumes of the other person

2. linguistic knowledge

   • sociocultural knowledge
     • speaker is familiar with certain phrases of a culture
   • genre knowledge
     • purpose
       • transactional = convey informaton
         • phoning to book a table
       • interpersonal = establish social relation
         • conversation between friends
     • participation
       • interactive
       • non-interactive
     • planning
       • planned
       • unplanned
   • discourse knowledge = how to organize and connect individual utterances
     • discourse markers
       • signal intention to hold the turn
       • e,g.: "right, now, anyway, well, oh"
   • pragmatic knowledge
     • speech acts
       • statements
       • questions
       • requests
     • the co-operative principle
       • Quanitiy
         • Make your contribution as informative as required
       • Quality
         • Make your contribution one that is true
       • Relation
         • Make your contribution relevant
       • Manner
         • Avoid obscurity and ambiguity.
     • register
       • field
         • what is going on, e.g. lecture, ...
       • tenor
         • relationship between speakers
       • mode
         • how speech acts are carried out
     • politeness
       • face
       • politeness markers
         • please, thank you
         • modals, past tense
   • (spoken) grammar
     • lower complexity
     • vague language
     • three-part division
       • head/body/tail
       • body/tail/tag
     • performance effects
       • repeats
       • blends
       • false starts
     • direct speech
   • vocabulary
     • discourse markers
     • stance words
     • deictic lanuage
     • receptive vocabulary
     • productive vocabulary
   • phonology
     • intonation
       • connecting tone units
       • paratones
       • mark new information

3. speech conditions

   • cognitive factors
     • familiarity with the topic
     • familiarity with the genre
     • familiarity with the intelocutors
     • processing demands
   • affective factors
     • feelings towards the topic and/or the participants
     • self-consciousness
   • performance factors
     • mode
     • planning and rehearsal time
     • discourse control

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