TEA

TEA

1. INTRODUCTION

   • history
     • china
       • japan
         • buddhist priest, yeisei
         • europe
           • portuguese 1560
           • tea plantation in asia
             • india
       • emperor shen nung
   • Type of tea
     • black
       • oxidized
       • rich and complex flavor
     • green
       • not oxidized
         • withered and dried
           • subtle and pale
     • Oolong
       • black + green
         • strong than green, delicate than black
       • partly fermented
     • white
       • steamed and dried
         • light, fragrant brews
   • composition
     • essential oils
       • aroma
     • caffeine
       • stimulates CNS
     • polyphenols
       • antioxidants
   • producer
     • india
       • china
         • sri lanka
           • kenya
   • plantation in Malaysia
     • BOH sdn.bhd
       • 23 april 1929
         • John Archibald Russell
         • cameron highlands
           • BOH
           • sungei palas
           • fairlie
       • bukit Cheding
       • 4M kg/ year
         • 70% in malaysia
           • 50% req of country
   • growth cond.
     • tropic of cancer and capricorn
     • 1000-1250mm rain / year
     • 10-30 dgree cel.
     • sea level - 2400 metres
     • soil
       • deep
       • permeable
       • well drained
       • acidic
   • planting system
     • in row, 1m apart
       • bushed pruned every 4-5 years

2. BOTANY AND MORPHOLOGY

   • botany
     • family: Theacea
     • Genus: Camellia
     • species: sinensis
   • tea plant
     • commercial: leaves
       • terminal shoots with 2-3 leaves
         • heated immediately
           • green tea
         • rolled and fermented
           • black tea
     • prefer acid soil
       • rich in OM
     • life span 50-70years
       • yields reduce after 50
       • mature: 3-5 years
   • planting material
     • seeds
     • cutting

3. PLANTING, PRUNING, FERTILIZATION

   • planting distance
     • row
       • 1.5m apart from row
       • 60cm apart from plant
     • phosphorus mixed in hole
   • pruning
     • 3years after plant
       • across leaders and lateral
         • 45cm
     • top-pruned
       • each years
       • 1-1.5m tall
         • trimmed back to 15cm
     • types
       • bringing into bearing
         • formation
         • pegging
       • maintenance
       • skiffing
       • tipping
   • fertilization
     • cameron highlands
       • NPKMg
         • 18:11:5:2
         • 153-270kg N/Ha
         • split to 2 app
     • low land
       • NPKMg
         • 18:11:5:2
         • 180-396kgN/ha
           • split to 2 app

4. DISEASE

   • blister blight
     • Exobasidium vexans Massee
       • symptoms
         • ale yellow@pinkish translucent spots
           • 3-12.5mm lesion
     • control
       • CU fungicides
         • 280g/ha
           • 7-10days interval
       • syst.fungicides
         • tridermorph
         • oxycarboxin
   • grey blight and die back shoot
     • Pestalotia theae
       • 17% loss
     • control
       • carbendazim
       • mancozeb
       • thiophanate methyl
   • collar canker
     • wound pathogen
     • Phomopsis theae
     • prevalent in young tea and clones
     • control
       • soil drenching of the systemic fungisides of carbendazim
   • thorny stem blight
     • Tunstallia aculeata
     • control
       • uprooted and burn

5. PEST

   • red spider mites
     • Oligonychus coffeae
     • control
       • natural enemies
         • phytoseiid mites
         • coccinellid beetles
       • entomopathogen
         • verticillium lecanii
       • sulphur, lime sulphur, dicofol, ethion, guinalphos
   • Tea mosquito bug
     • Helopeltis antoniii
     • Control
       • monitoring, black plucking, weed control
       • endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, fenthion, dichlorvos
   • Tea Thrips
     • Scirtothrips bispinosus
     • Symptoms
       • leaf become uneven and curled
       • feeding mark appear as 2 parallel lines
     • Control
       • Cultural
         • monitor population using yellow sticky traps
       • Biological
         • entomopathogen, Verticillium lecanii

6. HARVESTING & PROCESSING

   • Harvesting
     • Fine & Coarse plucking
       • Fine : bud, second and third leaf
       • Coarse : more than three leaves
     • Mechanical
   • Process
     • Orthodox
       • 1) Withering
         • 2) Rolling
           • 3) Fermentation (oxidation)
             • 4) Drying
     • Cut - Tear - Curl (CTC)
       • 1) Withering
         • 2) CTC
           • 3) Fermentation (oxidation)
             • 4) Drying
   • Processing based on Tea
     • Black
       • withered, fully oxidized and dried
     • Green
       • withered and dried
     • Oolong
       • least processed
     • White
       • withered, partially oxidized, and dried