Mind map

Urinary bladder

Moza Almualla English

Map content

Urinary bladder

Normal
- Structure
  - Parts
  - Relations
  - Histology
- Functions
  - Storage of the urine
  - It helps to expel urine from the body during urination by contraction of the detrusor muscle and the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
    - Urine Concentration
      - Response to water intake
      - Corticopapillary osmotic gradient
      - Antidiuretic hormone
Abnormal
- Urinary bladder cancer
  - Types
    - Benign
      - Papilloma
      - Leimyoma
    - Malignant
      - TCC
        Urothelial papilloma
        PUNLMP
        Papillary urothelial cacinoma (low grade)
        Papillary urothelial cacinoma (high grade)
      - SCC
      - Adenocarcinoma
      - Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
  - Staging (TNM)
    - T refers to the tumor size
    - N refers to whether lymph nodes are affected
    - M refers to metastases
  - Causes
    - Smoking
    - Exposure to chemicals
    - Past radiation exposure
    - Parasitic infections
    - Gender
    - Previous chemotherapy
    - Diabetes type 2
    - Personal or family history of cancer
  - Risk factors
    - Urothelial carcinoma
      - Naphthylamine - Azo dyes - Long term cyclophosphamide\ phenacetin
    - Squamous cell carcinoma
      - Chronic cystitis - Schistosoma hematobium - Long standing nephrolithiasis
        Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
        Trematode
        - Schistosoma haematobium - Schistosoma mansoni - Schistosoma japonicum
        Life cycle
    - Adenocarcinoma
      - Urachal remenant - Cystitis glanularis - Bladder exstrophy
  - Hematuria
    - Diagnosis
      - History
      - Physical examination
      - Investigations
        Laboratory
        Urine
        Blood
        Radiology
        Biopsy
  - Treatment
    - Chemotherapy
    - Immunotherapy
    - Surgery
      - Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
      - Cystectomy
        Partial
        Radical
        Urostomy
        Continent urinary diversion
        Neobladder