Forensic

Forensic

Turning to Crime
1. Upbringing
  1. Disrupted Families - Farrington
    1. Delinquency rates in boys living in permanently disrupted families No mother-higher delinquency rate
  2. Learning from Others - Akers
    1. Self-report on adolescent drinking/drug behaviour Peer influence - provide social reinforcement for behaviour
  3. Poverty & Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods - Wikstom & Tajfel
    1. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study
      1. SAMPLE: Nearly 2000 Year 10 students
        METHODOLOGY: Interview & data collection
        FINDINGS: 44.8% of males and 30.6% of females committed at least one of the studied crimes Offenders of violent crime likely to be victim of violent crime KEY FACTORS ARE - weak family, poor parental monitoring and truancy poor self-control and weak morality
        CONCLUSIONS: 1-Propensity-Induced, its a personality or characteristic 2-Lifestyle-dependent, peer centered activities high alcohol and drug uses 3-Situationaly-limited, well adjusted but offend if high levels of risk
2. Biological
  1. Brain Dysfunction - Raine
    1. Criminals has less activity in pre-frontal cortex-impulsive behaviour, and in amygdala-emotional response i.e. fear
  2. Genes & Serotonin - Brunner
    1. Extreme violence in a family. Mutated MAOA breaks down dopamine, serotonin & noradrenalin=increased aggressive behaviour
  3. Gender - Daly & Wilson
    1. Evolutionary - Male risk taking to impress female mate- survival value
3. Cognitive
  1. Criminal Thinking Patters - Yochelson & Samenow
    1. Longitudial study. Series of interviews carried out. behaviours- restless, lack empathy, want life of excitement poor at decision making
  2. Moral Development - Kohlberg
    1. Moral development in children. Suggests that criminals have lesser developed morals - that's why they commit crime
  3. Social Cognition - Gudjohnsson
    1. Attribution of blame. External-behaviour blamed on social factors. Mental-behavoiur blamed on mental disposition at the time. Remorse- shows guilt/remorse about the behaviour
Reaching a verdict
1. Persuading a Jury
  1. Order of testimony - Pennington & Hastie
  2. Evidence being ruled inadmissable - Pickel
  3. Persuasion - Cutler
2. Reaching a Verdict
  1. Minority Influence - Moscovici
    1. minorities can influence a majority if they are consistent
  2. Majority Influence - Asch
  3. Stages & Influences - Hastie
3. Witness Apeall
  1. Atractiveness of Defendant - Castellow
  2. Video or screen for child - Ross et al
  3. Wintess Confidence - Penrod & Cutler
Making a case
1. Offender profiling
  1. Topdown Approach - Canter
    1. Identifying behavioural pattern from similarities between offences. It can lead to understanding of how offenders behaviour can change
  2. John Duffy - Canter
    1. First attempt to use behavioural characteristic
  3. Bottoms up - Hazelwood & Douglas
    1. Organised and disorganised ofenders
2. Interviewing witness
  1. Weapon Focus - Loftus
    1. 36 American uni students. Effect of presence of a weapon when recognising face. 38.9% correct (no weapon) 11.1% correct (weapon)
      1. second experiment carried out supported these findings
  2. Recognising Faces - Bruce et al
    1. 48 Uni students Compared internal and external features when trying to remember
  3. Cognitive Interview - Fisher
    1. 16 detectives from Florida trained in cognitive interview techniques 47% more info than before training
3. Interviewing Suspect
  1. Interrogation Techniques - Inbau
    1. Presenting a mass on damaging facts to persuade criminals they have no choice but to confess
  2. False Confessions - Gudjonsson
    1. Case study of false confession of a youth whom was susceptible to interrogative pressure
  3. Detecting Lies - Mann at al
    1. 99 Kent police officers. Asked to judge truthfulness of suspects in 54 police videos

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	Created by Taran Sahota almost 9 years ago