language psychopathology

language psychopathology

1. To successfully classify all language disorders, it is necessary to know how to correctly combine several axes:

   • Speaks - Language
     • Problem in the ability to articulate or cognitively speak.
   • Production - Understanding
     • Problem in understanding what others are saying or the subject has problems in delivering messages.
   • Organic - Functional
     • It refers to whether the disorder is due to a neural failure or not.
   • Innate - acquired Central - Peripheral.

2. Dyspraxia

   • Inability to order simple motor activities within complex motor activities (the sequence of sounds cannot be controlled).
     • Types
       • Bucofacial
         • Difficulty organizing movements with the muscles of the face.
       • Of construction
         • Inability to organize tasks that have a coordinate control.
       • Ideation
         • Inability to perform movements with the hands.

3. Language disorders

   • They are divided into:
     • Absence of language or mutism.
       • It consists of the total absence of verbal language, without instrumental capabilities are affected.
         • It can appear, from:
           • Secondary to psychotic symptoms.
           • In sensory defects, such as deafness.
           • In children with selective or elective mutism and autism.
           • Organic brain disease that affects the language centers.
     • Language rhythm disorders.
       • They consist of alterations in rhythm and / or speed of language.
         • The most relevant are:
           • Bradifemia or bradiphasia: Slowness in the emission of language.
           • Increased response latency: The language is normal, but the time that passes since it is performed the question until the patient begins to answer is longer.
           • Tachyphemia or tachyphasia: Acceleration in the emission of language (Speak very quickly).
           • Speech pressure: Increase in the amount of spontaneous language compared to what is considered adequate.
           • Stuttering or dysphemia or spasmophemia: Alteration of the rhythm and fluency of speech, characterized by the interruption of the flow of speech, by the tendency to repeat the initial syllables of words.
           • Aprosodia: Lack of intonation, appearing a monotonous speech, without inflections and with loss of musicality.
     • Iterative language disorders or verbal stereotypies.
       • Alterations in the repetition of the same syllable, word or phrase.
         • Palilalia: Repetición involuntaria de una palabra varias vecesseguidasydeformaespasmódica
         • Echolalia: Irrelevant and persistent repetition of the last words or phrases that have been addressed to the patient, as an echo.
         • Verbigeration: Incessant repetition, meaningless, automated and stereotyped of the same words or phrases.
         • Coprolalia: stereotyped employment of vulgar, obscene and dirty words.
     • Language significance disorders.
       • These are disorders that more directly affect the meaning of language.
         • Neologismos: Creación y uso de palabras o expresiones sin un significado generalmente aceptado, a las que el paciente da una significación concreta.
         • Paralogisms: Confusion of the concept that a word expresses, so that an existing word is given a different meaning than it actually has.
         • Glossomania: A set of accumulated new verbal manifestations without any syntactic concern and devoid of their own fixity and meaning.
         • Glossolalia: "Personal" language of the patient, using a vocabulary and syntax of his own invention, but with its own meaning.
         • Word salad: Appearance of incoherent or incomprehensible connections of words, which do not respond to any grammatical rule, and without apparent meaning.
         • Derailment or lax idea associations: Interruption of the logical connection between ideas and the general sense of direction of thought.
     • Preferential origin alterations neurological.
       • Aphasia
         • Impaired understanding and expression of language produced by damage to certain brain regions.
           • Motor or Broca's aphasia: Inability to utter words, the language muscles being undamaged.
           • Wernicke's or sensory aphasia: Verbal production is normal, he does not understand and seems to be unaware of his language problem.
           • Mixed aphasia (motor + sensory)
           • Transcortical aphasia: Intact repetition but alteration of the rest of the linguistic functions.
           • Psychogenic aphasias: Very rare; present in some conversion tables.
       • Dementia
         • Irreversible loss of intellectual abilities, including memory, ability to express and communicate.
           • More common
             • Alzheimer's: progressive mental illness characterized by a degeneration of nerve cells in the brain and a decrease in brain mass
             • Parkinson: A chronic and degenerative disease of the nervous system characterized by lack of coordination and muscle stiffness and tremors.
     • Language articulation disorders.
       • Dysarthria
         • Specific joint disorder (muscle tone, movement) in which the foundations of language (grammar, comprehension, and choice of words) are intact. It is secondary to lesions in the nervous system.

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