Congestive heart Failure

Congestive heart Failure

1. Risk factors

   • Hypertension
   • Myocardial infarction
   • Coronary heart disease
   • Age & Gender
   • Ethnicty & Family history
   • Diabetes & Obesity

2. Classification

   • High & low output
   • Systolic & Diastolic
   • Acute and chronic

3. Compensatory Mechanisms

4. Great Vessels of the heart

5. Diagnosis

   • Physical Examination
   • History

6. Investigations

   • Echo
   • Chest X-ray
   • Blood test
   • ECG
   • Cardiac Catheterization

7. Pathophysiology

   • Left sided heart failue
     • Causes
       • Ischemia
       • Hypertension
       • MI
     • effect
       • Backward
         • Pulmonary Congestion
           • Coughing/ Dyspnea / Orthopnea / PND / Plumonary Edema / Crackles
       • Forward
         • decreased CO
           • Hypoperfusion of organs : Chest pain / syncope
   • Right sided Heart Failure
     • Causes
       • Left sided HF
       • Left to right shunts
       • Chronic lung disease
     • Effects
       • Juglar Vein distention / Hepatosplenomegaly / liver cirrhosis / Pitting Edema

8. Management

   • non-Pharmacological
     • Monitoring
       • Sodium Intake
       • Fluid Intake
     • Excercise
   • Pharmacological
     • Increase function of the heart
       • Adrenergics
       • Inotropics
       • B-adrenergic blockers
     • Decrease load on the heart
       • Diuretics
       • ACE-I
       • ARBs
       • Vasodilators
       • Aldosterone Antagonist

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